tyrant, he ruled his subjects by means of two armies, the spies who watched in secret and the soldiers who guarded them openly.  His lavish building enterprises led him to load his people with an almost intolerable burden of taxation, and yet for the common people Herod’s reign was one of comparative peace and prosperity.  At last they were delivered from destructive wars and free to develop the great agricultural and commercial resources of the land.  While outside of Judea Herod built heathen temples, he faithfully guarded the temple of Jerusalem, and was careful not to override the religious prejudices of his subjects.  His measures to relieve their suffering in time of famine reveal a generosity which under better environment and training might have made him a benign ruler.

V. The Tragedy of His Domestic Life.  The weakness of Herod’s character is most glaringly revealed in his domestic life.  Undoubtedly he loved the beautiful Maccabean princess, Mariamne, with all the passion of his violent nature.  It was a type of love, however, which passes over easily into insensate jealousy.  Accordingly, when he left Judea just before the battle of Actium, and later when he went to meet Octavian, he had his wife Mariamne shut up in a strong fortress.  Unfortunately Herod, like most despots, was unable to command the services of loyal followers.  The discovery of Herod’s suspicions toward her aroused the imperious spirit of Mariamne.  She was also the victim of the plots of his jealous family.  Human history presents no greater tragedy than that of Herod putting to death the one woman whom he truly loved, and later a victim of his own suspicions and of the intrigues of his son Antipater, finally obtaining royal permission to put to death the two noble sons whom Mariamne had borne to him.  It is difficult to find in all history a more pitiable sight than Herod in his old age, hated by most of his subjects, misled by the members of his own family, the murderer of those whom he loved best, finding his sole satisfaction in putting to death his son Antipater, who had betrayed him, and in planning in his last hours how he might by the murder of hundreds of his subjects arouse wide-spread lamentation.

VI.  Effects of Herod’s Reign.  One of the chief results of Herod’s policy and reign was the complete extinction of the Maccabean house.  Herod’s motive and method were thoroughly base, but for the Jewish people the result was beneficial, for it removed one of the most active causes of those suicidal rebellions that had resulted disastrously for the Jews and brought them under the suspicion and iron rule of Rome.  With his heavy hand Herod also put a stop to the party strife that had undermined the native Jewish kingdom and brought loss and suffering to thousands of Jews.  The Pharisees and Sadducees at last were taught the lesson of not resorting to arms, however widely they might differ.  By removing the Pharisees from public life Herod directed their