[191] Vespasian (69-79 A.D.) started free public education by appointing Quintilian Professor of Rhetoric subsidised by the state.  Succeeding emperors enlarged upon it; but especially Alexander Severus (222-235 A.D.), who instituted salaries for teachers of rhetoric, literature, medicine, mechanics, and architecture in Rome and the provinces, and had poor boys attend the lectures free of charge—­see Lampridius, Alex.  Severus, 44.

[192] Pliny, Paneg., 26.  Spartianus, Hadrian, 7, 8-9.  Capitolinus, Anton.  Pius 8; id. M.  Anton.  Phil. II.  Lampridius, Alex. Severus, 57.

[193] Pliny, Letters, vii, 18.  The sum was 500,000 sesterces.

[194] Any infringement of this vow was punished by burial alive—­for instances, see Suetonius, Domitian, 8; Herodian, iv, 6, 4:  Pliny, Letters iv, 11; Dio, 77, 16 (Xiphilin).  Their paramours were beaten to death.

[195] A full account of the Vestals will be found in Aulus Gellius, i, 12.

[196] Quintilian, vii, 3, 27:  ad servum nulla lex pertinet.  On the rare instances when a slave could inform against his master in a public court, see Hermogenianus in Dig., v, 1, 53.

[197] Gaius, i, 52 ff.

[198] Gaius, iii, 222.  Cf.  Juvenal vi, 219-223, and 474-495.

[199] Gaius, iii, 222.  Salvius Julianus, Pars Secunda, xv.  Aulus Gellius, xx, i.

[200] Paulus, v, 16.

[201] Paulus, iii, v, 5 ff.  Pliny, Letters, viii, 14.  Tacitus, Annals xiii, 32.

[202] Valerius Maximus, vi, 8, in a chapter entitled de fide servorum speaks with great admiration of instances of fidelity on the part of slaves.  Seneca ate with his—­Epist. 47, 13.  Martial laments the death of a favourite slave girl—­v, 34 and 37.  Dio (62, 27—­Xiphilin) notes the heroic conduct of Epicharis, a freedwoman, who was included in a conspiracy against Nero; but she revealed none of its secrets, though tortured in every way by Tigellinus.  The pages of Pliny are full of the spirit of kindliness to slaves.

[203] See Tacitus, Annals, xiv, 42 ff.

[204] Suetonius, Claudius, 25.  Dio, 60, 29 (Xiphilin).

[205] Sec, e.g., Seneca, de Clem., i,18, 1 and 2—­especially the anecdote of Vedius Pollio (mentioned also by Dio, 54, 23).

The interesting letter of Pliny, viii, 16; and cf. iii, 14, and v, 19. 
Juvenai, vi, 219-223.

[206] Spartianus, Hadrian, 18.

[207] Gaius, i, 52 ff.  Cf.  Ulpian in Dig., 1, 12, 1 and 8.

[208] The punishment for this was pecuniary damages equal to twice the highest value of a slave during the year in which he was killed.

[209] Ulpian in Dig., i., 12, 8:  hoc quoque officium praefecto urbi a divo Severo datum est, ut mancipia tueatur ne prostituantur.

[210] Vopiscus, Aurelian, 49