[10] Gaius, i, 145.  Ulpian, Tit., x, 5.

[11] Gaius, i, 137.  For an example see Pliny, Letters, viii, 18.  Cf.  Spartianus. Didius Iulianus, 8:  filiam suam, potitus imperio, dato patrimonio, emancipaverat.  See also Dio, 73, 7 (Xiphilin).

If emancipated children insulted or injured their parents, they lost their independence—­Codex, 8, 49 (50), 1.

[12] Ulpian, Tit., viii, 7_a_.

[13] Paulus, i, 4, 4; Mater, quae filiorum suorum rebus intervenit, actione negotiorum gestorum et ipsis et eorum tutoribus tenebitur.

[14] Ulpian in Dig., 25, 3, 5.

[15] For Livia’s great influence over Augustus see Seneca, de Clementia, i, 9, 6.  Tacitus, Annals, i, 3, 4, and 5, and ii, 34.  Dio, 55, 14-21, and 56, 47.

Agrippina dominated Claudius—­Tacitus, Annals, xii, 37.  Dio, 60, 33.  Caenis, the concubine of Vespasian, amassed great wealth and sold public offices right and left—­Dio, 65, 14.  Plotina, wife of Trajan, engineered Hadrian’s succession—­Eutropius, viii, 6.  Dio, 69, I. A concubine formed the conspiracy which overthrew Commodus—­Herodian, i, 16-17.  The plotting of Maesa put Heliogabalus on the throne—­Capitolinus, Macrinus, 9-10.  Alexander Severus was ruled by his mother Mammaea—­Lampridius, Alex.  Severus, 14; Herodian, vi, i, i and 9.  Gallienus invited women to his cabinet meetings—­Trebellius Pollio, Gallienus, 16.  The wives of governors took such a strenuous part in politics and army matters that it caused the Senate grave concern—­see examples in Tacitus, Annals, in, 33 and 34, and iv, 20; also i, 69, and ii, 55; id. Hist., iii, 69.  Vellcius Paterculus, ii, 74 (Fulvia).

Of course, no woman ever had a right to vote; but neither did anybody else, since the Roman government had become an absolute despotism.  The first woman on the throne was Pulcheria, who, in 450 A.D., was proclaimed Empress of the East, succeeding her brother, Theodosius II.  But she soon took a husband and made him Emperor.  She had been practically sole ruler since 414.

[16] Plutarch, Roman Questions, 6.  Aulus Gellius, x, 23.  Athenaeus, x, 56.

[17] Valerius Maximus, vi, 3, 9.  For this he was not even blamed, but rather received praise for the excellent example.

[18] Aulus Gellius, x, 23.  A woman in the Menaechmi of Plautus, iv, 6, 1, complains justly of this double standard of morality: 

Nam si vir scortum duxit clam uxorem suam, Id si rescivit uxor, impune est viro.  Uxor viro si clam domo egressa est foras, Viro fit causa, exigitur matrimonio.  Utinam lex esset cadem quae uxori est viro!

[19] Aulus Gellius, i, 6.

[20] De Consolatione ad Marciam, xvi, 1.

[21] Commentaries, A, [Greek:  gamma].

[22] Quintilian, Instit.  Orat., vi, 1, 5.  Pliny, Letters, vi, 4 and 7, and vii, 5.