The lesson which we deduce from this illustration and the considerations connected with it may be stated as follows: 

The General Principle.

That the rewards conferred upon children with a view of connecting pleasurable ideas and associations with good conduct should not take the form of compensations stipulated for beforehand, and then conferred according to agreement, as if they were of the nature of payment for a service rendered, but should come as the natural expression of the satisfaction and happiness felt by the mother in the good conduct of her child—­expressions as free and spontaneous on her part as the good conduct was on the part of the child.

The mother who understands the full import of this principle, and whose mind becomes fully possessed of it, will find it constantly coming into practical use in a thousand ways.  She has undertaken, for example, to teach her little son to read.  Of course learning to read is irksome to him.  He dislikes extremely to leave his play and come to take his lesson.  Sometimes a mother is inconsiderate enough to be pained at this.  She is troubled to find that her boy takes so little interest in so useful a work, and even, perhaps, scolds him, and threatens him for not loving study.  “If you don’t learn to read,” she says to him, in a tone of irritation and displeasure, “you will grow up a dunce, and every body will laugh at you, and you will be ashamed to be seen.”

Children’s Difficulties.

But let her imagine that she herself was to be called away two or three times a day, for half an hour, to study Chinese, with a very exacting teacher, always more or less impatient and dissatisfied with her progress; and yet the irksomeness and difficulty for the mother, in learning to decipher Chinese, would be as nothing compared with that of the child in learning to read.  The only thing that could make the work even tolerable to the mother would be a pretty near, distinct, and certain prospect of going to China under circumstances that would make the knowledge of great advantage to her.  But the child has no such near, distinct, and certain prospect of the advantages of knowing how to read.  He has scarcely any idea of these advantages at all.  You can describe them to him, but the description will have no perceptible effect upon his mind.  Those faculties by which we bring the future vividly before us so as to influence our present action, are not yet developed.  His cerebral organization has not yet advanced to that condition, any more than his bones have advanced to the hardness, rigidness, and strength of manhood.  His mind is only capable of being influenced strongly by what is present, or, at least, very near.  It is the design of Divine Providence that this should be so.  The child is not made to look forward much yet, and the mother who is pained and distressed because he will not look forward, shows a great ignorance of the nature of the infantile mind, and of the manner of its development.  If she finds fault with her boy for not feeling distinctly enough the future advantages of learning to lead him to love study now, she is simply finding fault with a boy for not being possessed of the most slowly developed faculties of a man.