the miseries of life in imbecile stories reeking of the sentimentality of the back stairs.  Were other ages as coarse and as common as ours?  It is difficult to imagine Elizabethan audiences as not more intelligent than those that applaud Mr. Pettit’s plays.  Impossible that an audience that could sit out Edward II. could find any pleasure in such sinks of literary infamies as In the Ranks and Harbour Lights.  Artistic atrophy is benumbing us, we are losing our finer feeling for beauty, the rose is going back to the briar.  I will not speak of the fine old crusted stories, ever the same, on which every drama is based, nor yet of the musty characters with which they are peopled—­the miser in the old castle counting his gold by night, the dishevelled woman whom he keeps for ambiguous reasons confined in a cellar.  Let all this be waived.  We must not quarrel with the ingredients.  The miser and the old castle are as true, and not one jot more true, than the million events which go to make up the phenomena of human existence.  Not at these things considered separately do I take umbrage, but at the miserable use that is made of them, the vulgarity of the complications evolved from them, and the poverty of beauty in the dialogue.

Not the thing itself, but the idea of the thing evokes the idea.  Schopenhauer was right; we do not want the thing, but the idea of the thing.  The thing itself is worthless; and the moral writers who embellish it with pious ornamentation are just as reprehensible as Zola, who embellishes it with erotic arabesques.  You want the idea drawn out of obscuring matter, this can best be done by the symbol.  The symbol, or the thing itself, that is the great artistic question.  In earlier ages it was the symbol; a name, a plume, sufficed to evoke the idea; now we evoke nothing, for we give everything; the imagination of the spectator is no longer called into play.  In Shakespeare’s days to create wealth in a theatre it was only necessary to write upon a board, “A magnificent apartment in a palace.”  This was no doubt primitive and not a little barbarous, but it was better by far than by dint of anxious archaeology to construct the Doge’s palace upon the stage.  By one rich pillar, by some projecting balustrade taken in conjunction with a moored gondola, we should strive to evoke the soul of the city of Veronese:  by the magical and unequalled selection of a subtle and unexpected feature of a thought or aspect of a landscape, and not by the up-piling of extraneous detail, are all great poetic effects achieved.

    “By the tideless dolorous inland sea,
    In a land of sand, of ruin, and gold.”

And, better example still,

    “Dieu que le son du cor est triste au fond des bois,”