party.  The Constitutional Democrats in Russia become Cadets, and the Independent Labour Party becomes the I.L.P.  On the other hand, the less conscious emotional associations which are automatically excited by less precise political names may last much longer.  The German National Liberals were valuable allies for Bismarck during a whole generation because their name vaguely suggested a combination of patriotism and freedom.  When the mine-owners in the Transvaal decided some years ago to form a political party they chose, probably after considerable discussion, the name of ‘Progressive.’  It was an excellent choice.  In South Africa the original associations of the word were apparently soon superseded, but elsewhere it long suggested that Sir Percy Fitzpatrick and his party had the same sort of democratic sympathies as Mr. M’Kinnon Wood and his followers on the London County Council.  No one speaking to an audience whose critical and logical faculties were fully aroused would indeed contend that because a certain body of people had chosen to call themselves Progressives, therefore a vote against them was necessarily a vote against progress.  But in the dim and shadowy region of emotional association a good name, if its associations are sufficiently subconscious, has a real political value.

Conversely, the opponents of a party attempt to label it with a name that will excite feelings of opposition.  The old party terms of Whig and Tory are striking instances of such names given by opponents and lasting perhaps half a century before they lost their original abusive associations.  More modern attempts have been less successful, because they have been more precise.  ‘Jingo’ had some of the vague suggestiveness of an effectively bad name, but ‘Separatist,’ ’Little Englander,’ ‘Food Taxer,’ remain as assertions to be consciously accepted or rejected.

The whole relation between party entities and political impulse can perhaps be best illustrated from the art of advertisement.  In advertisement the intellectual process can be watched apart from its ethical implications, and advertisement and party politics are becoming more and more closely assimilated in method.  The political poster is placed side by side with the trade or theatrical poster on the hoardings, it is drawn by the same artist and follows the same empirical rules of art.  Let us suppose therefore that a financier thinks that there is an opening for a large advertising campaign in connection, say, with the tea trade.  The actual tea-leaves in the world are as varied and unstable as the actual political opinions of mankind.  Every leaf in every tea-garden is different from every other leaf, and a week of damp weather may change the whole stock in any warehouse.  What therefore should the advertiser do to create a commercial ‘entity,’ a ‘tea’ which men can think and feel about?  A hundred years ago he would have made a number of optimistic and detailed statements with regard to his opportunities