but of all the streets and lanes of a particular city.  Dr. Ash has the same example without the comma, and supposes it only an ellipsis of the preposition through, and even that supposition is absurd.  He also furnished the former example, to show an ellipsis, not of the verb went, but only of the preposition into; and in this too he was utterly wrong.  See Ash’s Gram., p. 100.  Bicknell also, whose grammar appeared five years before Murray’s, confessedly copied the same examples from Ash; and repeated, not the verb and its nominative, but only the prepositions through and into, agreeably to Ash’s erroneous notion.  See his Grammatical Wreath, Part i, p. 124.  Again the principles of Murray’s supposed ellipses, are as inconsistent with each other, as they are severally absurd.  Had the author explained the second example according to his notion of the first, he should have made it to mean, ’He also went through all the streets of the city, and he also went through all the lanes of the city.’  What a pretty idea is this for a principle of grammar!  And what a multitude of admirers are pretending to carry it out in parsing!  One of the latest writers on grammar says, that, “Between him and me” signifies, “Between him, and between me!”—­Wright’s Philosophical Gram., p. 206.  And an other absurdly resolves a simple sentence into a compound one, thus:  “‘There was a difficulty between John, and his brother.’  That is, there was a difficulty between John, and there was a difficulty between his brother.”—­James Brown’s English Syntax, p. 127; and again, p. 130.

OBS. 12.—­Two prepositions are not unfrequently connected by a conjunction, and that for different purposes, thus:  (1.) To express two different relations at once; as, “The picture of my travels in and around Michigan.”—­Society in America, i, 231. (2.) To suggest an alternative in the relation affirmed; as, “The action will be fully accomplished at or before the time.”—­Murray’s Gram., i, 72.  Again:  “The First Future Tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time.”—­Ib.; and Felton’s Gram., p. 23. With and without being direct opposites, this alternative is a thing of course, and the phrase is an idle truism. (3.) To express two relations so as to affirm the one and deny the other; as, “Captain, yourself are the fittest to live and reign not over, but next and immediately under the people.”—­Dryden.  Here, perhaps, “the people” may be understood after over. (4.) To suggest a mere alternative of words; as, “NEGATIVELY, adv. With or by denial.”—­Webster’s Dict. (5.) To add a similar word, for aid or force; as, “Hence adverbs of time were necessary, over and above the tenses.”—­See Murray’s Gram., p. 116.  “To take effect from and after the first day of May.”—­Newspaper.