belonging to other parts of speech, are used as conjunctions,” is a sort of solecism, which leaves the learner in doubt to what class they really belong. Being, and being that, were formerly used in the sense of because, since, or seeing that; (Lat. cum, quoniam, or quando;) but this usage is now obsolete.  So there is an uncommon or obsolete use of without, in the sense of unless, or except; (Lat. nisi;) as, “He cannot rise without he be helped.” Walker’s Particles, p. 425.  “Non potest nisi adjutus exsurgere.”—­Seneca.

CLASSES.

Conjunctions are divided into two general classes, copulative and disjunctive; and a few of each class are particularly distinguished from the rest, as being corresponsive.

I. A copulative conjunction is a conjunction that denotes an addition, a cause, a consequence, or a supposition:  as, “He and I shall not dispute; for, if he has any choice, I shall readily grant it.”

II.  A disjunctive conjunction is a conjunction that denotes opposition of meaning:  as, “Though he were dead, yet shall he live.”—­St. John’s Gospel.  “Be not faithless, but believing.”—­Id.

III.  The corresponsive conjunctions are those which are used in pairs, so that one refers or answers to the other:  as, “John came neither eating nor drinking.”—­Matt., xi, 18.  “But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you.”—­Ib., xii, 28.

OBS.—­Not all terms which stand in the relation of correspondents, or corresponsives, are therefore to be reckoned conjunctions; nor are both words in each pair always of the same part of speech:  some are adverbs; one or two are adjectives; and sometimes a conjunction answers to a preceding adverb.  But, if a word is seen to be the mere precursor, index, introductory sign, or counterpart, of a conjunction, and has no relation or import which should fix it in any other of the ten classes called parts of speech, it is, clearly, a conjunction,—­a corresponding or corresponsive conjunction.  It is a word used preparatively, “to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so connected.”

LIST OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

1.  The Copulatives; And, as, both, because, even, for, if, that, then, since, seeing, so.

2.  The Disjunctives; Or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, provided, notwithstanding, whereas.

3.  The Corresponsives; Both—­and; as—­as; as—­so; if—­then; either—­or; neither—­nor; whether—­or; though, or although—­yet.