Wm. E. Russell has it, “Self defence is the sacrifice which virtue must make!”—­Russell’s Abridgement of Murray’s Gram., p. 116.  Bishop Butler tells us, “It is indeed ridiculous to assert, that self-denial is essential to virtue and piety; but it would have been nearer the truth, though not strictly the truth itself, to have said, that it is essential to discipline and improvement.”—­Analogy of Religion, p. 123.

OBS. 31.—­The relative that, though usually reckoned equivalent to who or which, evidently differs from both, in being more generally, and perhaps more appropriately, taken in the restrictive sense.  It ought therefore, for distinction’s sake, to be preferred to who or which, whenever an antecedent not otherwise limited, is to be restricted by the relative clause; as, “Men that grasp after riches, are never satisfied.”—­“I love wisdom that is gay and civilized.”—­Art of Thinking, p. 34.  This phraseology leaves not the limitation of the meaning to depend solely upon the absence of a pause after the antecedent; because the relative that is seldom, if ever, used by good writers in any other than a restrictive sense.  Again:  “A man of a polite imagination is let into a great many pleasures that the vulgar are not capable of receiving.”—­Addison, Spect., No. 411.  Here, too, according to my notion, that is obviously preferable to which; though a great critic, very widely known, has taken some pains to establish a different opinion.  The “many pleasures” here spoken of, are no otherwise defined, than as being such as “the vulgar are not capable of receiving.”  The writer did not mean to deny that the vulgar are capable of receiving a great many pleasures; but, certainly, if that were changed to which, this would be the meaning conveyed, unless the reader were very careful to avoid a pause where he would be apt to make one.  I therefore prefer Addison’s expression to that which Dr. Blair would substitute.

OBS. 32.—­The style of Addison is more than once censured by Dr. Blair, for the frequency with which the relative that occurs in it, where the learned lecturer would have used which.  The reasons assigned by the critic are these:  “Which is a much more definitive word than that, being never employed in any other way than as a relative; whereas that is a word of many senses; sometimes a demonstrative pronoun, often a conjunction.  In some cases we are indeed obliged to use that for a relative, in order to avoid the ungraceful repetition of which in the same sentence.  But when we are laid under no necessity of this kind, which is always the preferable word, and certainly was so in this sentence:  ’Pleasures which the vulgar are not capable of receiving,’ is much better than ’pleasures that the vulgar are not capable of receiving.’”—­Blair’s