OBS. 21.—­Chandler exhibits the sentence, “These are not such as are worn;” and, in parsing it, expounds the words as and are, thus; the crotchets being his, not mine:  “as.... is an adverb, connecting the two sentences in comparing them, [It is a fault of some, that they make as a pronoun, when, in a comparative sentence, it corresponds with such, and is immediately followed by a verb, as in the sentence now given.  This is probably done from an ignorance of the real nominative to the verb.  The sentence should stand thus:  ’These (perhaps bonnets) are not such (bonnets) as (those bonnets) are (which are) worn.’  Then] are .... is the substantive verb, third person, plural number, indicative mood, present tense, and agrees with the noun bonnets, understood.”—­Chandler’s Common School Gram., p. 162.  All this bears the marks of shallow flippancy.  No part of it is accurate. “Are worn,” which the critic unwarrantably divides by his misplaced curves and uncouth impletions, is a passive verb, agreeing with the pronoun as.  But the text itself is faulty, being unintelligible through lack of a noun; for, of things that may be “worn,” there are a thousand different sorts.  Is it not ridiculous, for a great grammarian to offer, as a model for parsing, what he himself, “from an ignorance of the real nominative,” can only interpret with a “perhaps?” But the noun which this author supplies, the meaning which he guesses that he had, he here very improperly stows away within a pair of crotchets.  Nor is it true, that “the sentence should stand” as above exhibited; for the tautological correction not only has the very extreme of awkwardness, but still makes as a pronoun, a nominative, belonging after are:  so that the phrase, “as are worn,” is only encumbered and perverted by the verbose addition made.  So of an other example given by this expounder, in which as is an objective:  “He is exactly such a man as I saw.”—­Chandler’s Com.  Sch.  Gram., p. 163.  Here as is the object of saw.  But the author says, “The sentence, however, should stand thus:  ‘He is exactly such a man as that person was whom I saw.’”—­Ibid. This inelegant alteration makes as a nominative dependent on was.

OBS. 22.—­The use of as for a relative pronoun, is almost entirely confined to those connexions in which no other relative would be proper; hence few instances occur, of its absolute equivalence to who, which, or that, by which to establish its claim to the same rank.  Examples like the following, however, go far to prove it, if proof be necessary; because who and which are here employed, where as is certainly now required by all good usage:  “It is not only convenient, but absolutely needful, that there be certain meetings