“Make Q’s of answers, to waylay
    What th’ other party’s like to say.”
        —­Hudibras, P. III, C. ii, l. 951.

Here the cipher is to be read Kues, but it has not the meaning of this name merely.  It is put either for the plural of Q., a Question, like D. D.’s, (read Dee-Dees,) for Doctors of Divinity; or else, more erroneously, for cues, the plural of cue, a turn which the next speaker catches.

OBS. 23.—­In the following example, the apostrophe and s are used to give the sound of a verb’s termination, to words which the writer supposed were not properly verbs:  “When a man in a soliloquy reasons with himself, and pro’s and con’s, and weighs all his designs.”—­Congreve.  But here, “proes and cons,” would have been more accurate.  “We put the ordered number of m’s into our composing-stick.”—­Printer’s Gram. Here “Ems” would have done as well.  “All measures for folio’s and quarto’s, should be made to m’s of the English body; all measures for octavo’s, to Pica m’s.”—­Ibid. Here regularity requires, “folios, quartoes, octavoes,” and “pica Ems.”  The verb is, when contracted, sometimes gives to its nominative the same form as that of the possessive case, it not being always spaced off for distinction, as it may be; as,

   “A wit’s a feather, and a chief a rod;
    An honest man’s the noblest work of God.”
        —­Pope, on Man, Ep. iv, l. 247.

OBS. 24.—­As the objective case of nouns is to be distinguished from the nominative, only by the sense, relation, and position, of words in a sentence, the learner must acquire a habit of attending to these several things.  Nor ought it to be a hardship to any reader to understand that which he thinks worth reading.  It is seldom possible to mistake one of these cases for the other, without a total misconception of the author’s meaning.  The nominative denotes the agent, actor, or doer; the person or thing that is made the subject of an affirmation, negation, question, or supposition:  its place, except in a question, is commonly before the verb.  The objective, when governed by a verb or a participle, denotes the person on whom, or the thing on which, the action falls and terminates:  it is commonly placed after the verb, participle, or preposition, which governs it.  Nouns, then, by changing places, may change cases:  as, “Jonathan loved David;” “David loved Jonathan.”  Yet the case depends not entirely upon position; for any order in which the words cannot be misunderstood, is allowable:  as, “Such tricks hath strong imagination.”—­Shak. Here the cases are known, because the meaning is plainly this:  “Strong imagination hath such tricks.”  “To him give all the prophets witness.”—­Acts, x, 43.  This is intelligible enough, and more forcible than the same meaning expressed thus:  “All the prophets give witness to him.”  The order of the words never can affect the explanation to be given of them in parsing, unless it change the sense, and form them into a different sentence.