48.  TILL, [Sax.  Til or Tille,] to, until, is from the Saxon Til or Till, an end, a station.

49.  TO, whether a preposition or an adverb, is from the Anglo-Saxon particle To.

50.  TOUCHING, with regard to, is from the first participle of the verb touch.

51.  TOWARD or TOWARDS, written by the Anglo-Saxons Toweard or Toweardes, is a compound of To and Ward or Weard, a guard, a look-out; “Used in composition to express situation or direction.”—­Bosworth.

52.  UNDER, [Gothic, Undar; Dutch, Onder,] beneath, below, is a common Anglo-Saxon word, and very frequent prefix, affirmed by Tooke to be “nothing but on-neder,” a Dutch compound = on lower.—­See Diversions of Purley, Vol. i, p. 331.

53.  UNDERNEATH is a compound of under and neath, low; whence nether, lower.

54.  UNTIL is a compound from on or un, and till, or til, the end.

55.  UNTO, now somewhat antiquated, is formed, not very analogically, from un and to.

56.  UP is from the Anglo-Saxon adjective, “Up or Upp, high, lofty.”

57.  UPON, which appears literally to mean high on, is from two words up and on.

58.  WITH comes to us from the Anglo-Saxon With, a word of like sort and import; which Tooke says is an imperative verb, sometimes from “Withan, to join,” and sometimes from “Wyrthan, to be.”—­See his Diversions, Vol. i, p. 262.

59.  WITHIN [, i.e., by-in,] is from with and in:  Sax.  Withinnan, Binnan, or Binnon.

60.  WITHOUT [, i.e., by-out,] is from with and out:  Sax.  Withutan, -uten, -uton; Butan, Buton, Butun.

OBSERVATION.

In regard to some of our minor or simpler prepositions, as of sundry other particles, to go beyond the forms and constructions which present or former usage has at some period given them as particles, and to ascertain their actual origin in something ulterior, if such they had, is no very easy matter; nor can there be either satisfaction or profit in studying what one suspects to be mere guesswork.  “How do you account for IN, OUT, ON, OFF, and AT?” says the friend of Tooke, in an etymological dialogue at Purley.  The substance of his answer is, “The explanation and etymology of these words require a degree of knowledge in all the antient northern languages, and a skill in the application of that knowledge, which I am very far from assuming; and though I am almost persuaded by some of my own conjectures concerning them, I am not willing, by an apparently forced and far-fetched derivation, to justify your imputation of etymological legerdemain.”—­Diversions, Vol. i, p. 370.