1.  By the adding of ship, dom, ric, wick, or, ate, hood, or head:  as, fellow, fellowship; king, kingdom; bishop, bishopric; bailiff, or baily, bailiwick; senate, senator; tetrarch, tetrarchate; child, childhood; God, Godhead.  These generally denote dominion, office, or character.

2.  By the adding of ian:  as, music, musician; physic, physician; theology, theologian; grammar, grammarian; college, collegian.  These generally denote profession.

3.  By the adding of r, ry, or ery:  as, grocer, grocery; cutler, cutlery; slave, slavery; scene, scenery; fool, foolery.  These sometimes denote state or habit; sometimes, an artificer’s wares or shop.

4.  By the adding of age or ade:  as, patron, patronage; porter, porterage; band, bandage; lemon, lemonade; baluster, balustrade; wharf, wharfage; vassal, vassalage.

5.  By the adding of kin, let, ling, ock, el, erel, or et:  as, lamb, lambkin; ring, ringlet; cross, crosslet; duck, duckling; hill, hillock; run, runnel; cock, cockerel; pistol, pistolet; eagle, eaglet; circle, circlet.  All these denote little things, and are called diminutives.

6.  By the addition of ist:  as, psalm, psalmist; botany, botanist; dial, dialist; journal, journalist. These denote persons devoted to, or skilled in, the subject expressed by the primitive.

7.  By the prefixing of an adjective, or an other noun, so as to form a compound word:  as, foreman, broadsword, statesman, tradesman; bedside, hillside, seaside; bear-berry, bear-fly, bear-garden; bear’s-ear, bear’s-foot, goat’s-beard.

8.  By the adoption of a negative prefix to reverse the meaning:  as, order, disorder; pleasure, displeasure; consistency, inconsistency; capacity, incapacity; observance, nonobservance; resistance, nonresistance; truth, untruth; constraint, unconstraint.

9.  By the use of the prefix counter, signifying against or opposite:  as, attraction, counter-attraction; bond, counter-bond; current, counter-current; movement, counter-movement.

10.  By the addition of ess, ix, or ine, or the changing of masculines to feminines so terminating:  as, heir, heiress; prophet, prophetess; abbot, abbess; governor, governess; testator, testatrix; hero, heroine.

II.  Nouns are derived from Adjectives in several different ways:—­

1.  By the adding of ness, ity, ship, dom, or hood:  as, good, goodness; real, reality; hard, hardship; wise, wisdom; free, freedom; false, falsehood.

2.  By the changing of t into ce or cy:  as, radiant, radiance; consequent, consequence; flagrant, flagrancy; current, currency; discrepant, discrepance, or discrepancy.

3.  By the changing of some of the letters, and the adding of t or th:  as, long, length; broad, breadth; wide, width; high, height.  The nouns included under these three heads, generally denote abstract qualities, and are called abstract nouns.