V. Synecdoche, (that is, Comprehension,) is the naming of a part for the whole, or of the whole for a part; as, (1.) “This roof [i.e., house] protects you.” (2.) “Now the year [i.e., summer] is beautiful.” (3.) “A sail [i.e., a ship or vessel] passed at a distance.” (4.) “Give us this day our daily bread;” i.e., food. (5.) “Because they have taken away my Lord, [i.e., the body of Jesus,] and I know not where they have laid him.”—­John. (6.) “The same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls;” i.e., persons.—­Acts. (7.) “There went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world [i.e., the Roman empire] should be taxed.”—­Luke, ii, 1.

VI. Hyperbole is extravagant exaggeration, in which the imagination is indulged beyond the sobriety of truth; as, “My little finger shall be thicker than my father’s loins.”—­2 Chron., x, 10.  “When I washed my steps with butter, and the rock poured me out rivers of oil.”—­Job, xxix, 6.

   “The sky shrunk upward with unusual dread,
    And trembling Tiber div’d beneath his bed.”—­Dryden.

VII. Vision, or Imagery, is a figure by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination, as actually before his eyes, and present to his senses; as,

   “I see the dagger-crest of Mar! 
    I see the Moray’s silver star
    Wave o’er the cloud of Saxon war,
    That up the lake comes winding far!”—­Scott, L. L., vi, 15.

VIII. Apostrophe is a turning from the regular course of the subject, into an animated address; as, “Death is swallowed up in victory.  O Death! where is thy sting?  O Grave! where is thy victory?”—­1 Cor., xv, 55.

IX. Personification is a figure by which, in imagination, we ascribe intelligence and personality to unintelligent beings or abstract qualities; as,

1.  “The Worm, aware of his intent,
   Harangued him thus, right eloquent.”—­Cowper.

2.  “Lo, steel-clad War his gorgeous standard rears!”—­Rogers.

3.  “Hark! Truth proclaims, thy triumphs cease!”—­Idem.

X. Erotesis is a figure in which the speaker adopts the form of interrogation, not to express a doubt, but, in general, confidently to assert the reverse of what is asked; as, “Hast thou an arm like God? or canst thou thunder with a voice like him?”—­Job, xl, 9.  “He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? he that formed the eye, shall he not see?”—­Psalms, xciv, 9.

XI. Ecphonesis is a pathetic exclamation, denoting some violent emotion of the mind; as, “O liberty!—­O sound once delightful to every Roman ear!—­O sacred privilege of Roman citizenship!—­once sacred—­now trampled upon.”—­Cicero.  “And I said, O that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away, and be at rest.”—­Psalms, lv, 6.