age of priestcraft a curious thing was discovered—­that if you kill every usurer, every forestaller, every adulterater, every user of false weights, every fixer of false boundaries, every land-thief, every water-thief, you afterwards discover by a strange indirect miracle, or disconnected truth from heaven, that you have no millionaires.  Without dwelling further on this dark matter, we may say that this great gap in the Montenegrin experience explains the other great gap—­the lack of Socialists.  The Class-conscious Proletarian of All Lands is curiously absent from this land.  The reason (I have sometimes fancied) is that the Proletarian is class-conscious, not because he is a Proletarian of All Lands, but because he is a Proletarian with no lands.  The poor people in Montenegro have lands—­not landlords.  They have roots; for the peasant is the root of the priest, the poet, and the warrior.  And this, and not a mere recrimination about acts of violence, is the ground of the age-long Balkan bitterness against the Turkish conqueror.  Montenegrins are patriotic for Montenegro; but Turks are not patriotic for Turkey.  They never heard of it, in fact.  They are Bedouins, as homeless as the desert.  The “wrong horse” of Lord Salisbury was an Arab steed, only stabled in Byzantium.  It is hard enough to rule vagabond people, like the gypsies.  To be ruled by them is impossible.

Nevertheless what was called the nineteenth century, and named with a sort of transcendental faith (as in a Pythagorean worship of number), was wearing to its close with reaction everywhere, and the Turk, the great type of reaction, stronger than ever in the saddle.  The most civilised of the Christian nations overshadowed by the Crescent dared to attack it and was overwhelmed in a catastrophe that seemed as unanswerable as Hittin.  In England Gladstone and Gladstonism were dead; and Mr. Kipling, a less mystical Carlyle, was expending a type of praise upon the British Army which would have been even more appropriate to the Prussian Army.  The Prussian Army ruled Prussia; Prussia ruled Germany; Germany ruled the Concert of Europe.  She was planting everywhere the appliances of that new servile machinery which was her secret; the absolute identification of national subordination with business employment; so that Krupp could count on Kaiser and Kaiser on Krupp.  Every other commercial traveller was pathetically proud of being both a slave and a spy.  The old and the new tyrants had taken hands.  The “sack” of the boss was as silent and fatal as the sack of the Bosphorus.  And the dream of the citizen was at an end.