they express a definite feeling of the present need of constructive organisation in the social scheme.  The time has come to build.  There is, I think, good reason for expecting that statesmanship of the millionaires to become more organised and scientific and comprehensive in the coming years.  It is plausible at least to maintain that the personal quality of the American plutocracy has risen in the last three decades, has risen from the quality of a mere irresponsible wealthy person towards that of a real aristocrat with a “sense of the State.”  That one may reckon the first hopeful possibility in the American outlook.

And intimately connected with this development of an attitude of public responsibility in the very rich is the decay on the one hand of the preposterous idea once prevalent in America that politics is an unsuitable interest for a “gentleman,” and on the other of the democratic jealousy of any but poor politicians.  In New York they talk very much of “gentlemen,” and by “gentlemen” they seem to mean rich men “in society” with a college education.  Nowadays, “gentlemen” seem more and more disposed towards politics, and less and less towards a life of business or detached refinement.  President Roosevelt, for example, was one of the pioneers in this new development, this restoration of virility to the gentlemanly ideal.  His career marks the appearance of a new and better type of man in American politics, the close of the rule of the idealised nobody.

The prophecy has been made at times that the United States might develop a Caesarism, and certainly the position of president might easily become that of an imperator.  No doubt in the event of an acute failure of the national system such a catastrophe might occur, but the more hopeful and probable line of development is one in which a conscious and powerful, if informal, aristocracy will play a large part.  It may, indeed, never have any of the outward forms of an aristocracy or any definite public recognition.  The Americans are as chary of the coronet and the known aristocratic titles as the Romans were of the word King.  Octavius, for that reason, never called himself king nor Italy a kingdom.  He was just the Caesar of the Republic, and the Empire had been established for many years before the Romans fully realised that they had returned to monarchy.

Sec. 8

The American universities are closely connected in their development with the appearance and growing class-consciousness of this aristocracy of wealth.  The fathers of the country certainly did postulate a need of universities, and in every state Congress set aside public lands to furnish a university with material resources.  Every State possesses a university, though in many instances these institutions are in the last degree of feebleness.  In the days of sincere democracy the starvation of government and the dislike of all manifest inequalities involved the