The types discussed thus far were exceptional.  The main body of the free negroes were those who whether in person or through their mothers had been liberated purely from sentiment and possessed no particular qualifications for self-directed careers.  The former slaves of Richard Randolph who were colonized in accordance with his will as petty landed proprietors near Farmville, Virginia, proved commonly thriftless for half a century afterward;[41] and Olmsted observed of the Virginia free negroes in general that their poverty was not due to the lack of industrial opportunity.[42] Many of those in the country were tenants.  George Washington found one of them unprofitable as such;[43] and Robert Carter in 1792 rented farms to several in spite of his overseer’s remonstrance that they had no adequate outfit of tools and teams, and against his neighbors’ protests.[44] Not a few indeed were mere squatters on waste lands.  A Georgia overseer reported in 1840 that several such families had made clearings in the woods of the plantation under his charge, and proposed that rent be required of them;[45] and travellers occasionally came upon negro cabins in fields which had been abandoned by their proprietors.[46] The typical rural family appears to have tilled a few acres on its own account, and to have been willing to lend a hand to the whites for wages when they needed service.  It was this readiness which made their presence in many cases welcome in a neighborhood.  A memorial signed by thirty-eight citizens of Essex County, Virginia, in 1842 in behalf of a freedman might be paralleled from the records of many another community:  “We would be glad if he could be permitted to remain with us and have his freedom, as he is a well disposed person and a very useful man in many respects.  He is a good carpenter, a good cooper, a coarse shoemaker, a good hand at almost everything that is useful to us farmers."[47] Among the free negroes on the seaboard there was a special proclivity toward the water pursuits of boating, oystering and the like.[48] In general they found a niche in industrial society much on a level with the slaves but as free as might be from the pressure of systematic competition.

[Footnote 41:  F.N.  Watkins, “The Randolph Emancipated Slaves,” in DeBow’s Review, XXIV, 285-290.]

[Footnote 42:  Seaboard Slave States, p. 126.]

[Footnote 43:  S.M.  Hamilton ed., Letters to Washington, IV, 239.]

[Footnote 44:  Carter MSS. in the Virginia Historical Society.]

[Footnote 45:  Plantation and Frontier, II, 155.]

[Footnote 46:  E. g., F. Cumming, Tour to the West, reprinted in Thwaites ed., Early Western Travels, IV, 336.]

[Footnote 47:  J.H.  Russell, The Free Negro in Virginia, p. 153.]

[Footnote 48:  Ibid., p. 150.]