“O name of liberty, sweet to our ears!  O rights of citizenship, in which we glory!  O laws of Porcius and Sempronius!  O privilege of the tribune, long and sorely regretted, and at last restored to the people of Rome!  Has it all come to this, that a Roman citizen in a province of the Roman people—­in a federal town—­is to be bound and beaten with rods in the forum by a man who only holds those rods and axes—­those awful emblems—­by grace of that same people of Rome?  What shall I say of the fact that fire, and red-hot plates, and other tortures were applied?  Even if his agonised entreaties and pitiable cries did not check you, were you not moved by the tears and groans which burst from the Roman citizens who were present at the scene?  Did you dare to drag to the cross any man who claimed to be a citizen of Rome?—­I did not intend, gentlemen, in my former pleading, to press this case so strongly—­I did not indeed; for you saw yourselves how the public feeling was already embittered against the defendant by indignation, and hate, and dread of a common peril”.

He then proceeds to prove by witnesses the facts of the case and the falsehood of the charge against Gavius of having been a spy.  “However”, he goes on to say, addressing himself now to Verres, “we will grant, if you please, that your suspicions on this point, if false, were honestly entertained”.

“You did not know who the man was; you suspected him of being a spy.  I do not ask the grounds of your suspicion.  I impeach you on your own evidence.  He said he was a Roman citizen.  Had you yourself, Verres, been seized and led out to execution, in Persia, say, or in the farthest Indies, what other cry or protest could you raise but that you were a Roman citizen?  And if you, a stranger there among strangers, in the hands of barbarians, amongst men who dwell in the farthest and remotest regions of the earth, would have found protection in the name of your city, known and renowned in every nation under heaven, could the victim whom you were dragging to the cross, be he who he might—­and you did not know who he was—­when he declared he was a citizen of Rome, could he obtain from you, a Roman magistrate, by the mere mention and claim of citizenship, not only no reprieve, but not even a brief respite from death?

“Men of neither rank nor wealth, of humble birth and station, sail the seas; they touch at some spot they never saw before, where they are neither personally known to those whom they visit, nor can always find any to vouch for their nationality.  But in this single fact of their citizenship they feel they shall be safe, not only with our own governors, who are held in check by the terror of the laws and of public opinion—­not only among those who share that citizenship of Rome, and who are united with them by community of language, of laws, and of many things besides—­but go where they may, this, they think, will be their safe guard.  Take away this confidence, destroy this safeguard for our Roman