The southern climate is softer, hence the wine; and the loose, light, fruitful soil compensates for the high, bare mountains.  In the south we are more advanced in gardening, agriculture, tillage, and cattle-breeding.  The south is not only richer in towns, palaces, and gardens, but also in excellently built villages of stone, and not of wood and earth.  In the north many such villages would be called towns.  What a difference between our cleanly cottages, and the filthy huts and half-stalls of the north.  The very waters in the south are clear, flowing, rustling; in the north muddy, sneaking, stagnant.  There the fountains gush spontaneously from the rocks; here they must first be dug out of the earth.  The south extracts its treasures from the soil; the north more from commerce and manufactures.  There the national capital is more in the hands of the nobility (the church) and the peasantry; here more in those of the merchant and manufacturer.  Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, &c. are more free from debt than Austria, Bavaria, Wuertemberg, Baden, &c., because in the former there is less feasting and revelry; but the latter countries in themselves are richer, fuller of enjoyment.  North Germany, in regard to road police, post regulations, inns, meat, drink, and lodging—­large towns excepted—­is in a state of semi-barbarism compared with the south.

Among all the North Germans the Saxon is the friendliest, distinguished by culture, diligence, and high spirit of contentment.  But it is strange what a difference the Elbe makes between him and his neighbour.  The Brandenburger or Prussian is vivacious, talkative, ceremonious, often dogmatical; the Saxon considerate, reserved, poorer in words; the former, prepossessed with what is new, feels delight in public places, loves to shine, and is the man of the world; the Saxon rather hates what is new, wishes to enjoy in silence in the circle of his own, and loves rural nature.  Frugality is common to both; but it will go hard before other things become common between Prussians and Saxons.  The Hessians have long distinguished themselves by bravery and military spirit, which leads to hardiness, patience, and contentment with little.  Among the North Germans, those who live on the sea-coasts seem to me the rudest and most different from the South Germans; but the Prussians least of all.

The Swabian and Franconian is lively, loquacious, genial; and the Rheinlander is so in a still higher degree; but among the former I think there will be found more true-heartedness, inoffensiveness, and simplicity of manners, especially with the female sex, where it borders on naivete.  This good-nature which, as it were, surrenders itself, while others are lying in wait, and is hence easily over-reached, or leaves others the advantage, very naturally gave rise to the false proverb:—­“The Swabian does not come to the years of discretion till forty.”  Swabians, Franconians, and Rheinlanders are our true sanguineans; and the last altogether our German-French, who dance through life like their Rhine-gnats.