better wages for her trade and her sex, but she even wanted the vote for herself and her sisters.  Indeed, from the expression she uses, “the duties of legislation,” she perhaps even desired that women should be qualified to sit in the legislature.  In this same year, 1831, there was a strike of tailoresses reported to include sixteen hundred women, and they must have remained out several weeks.  This was not, like so many, an unorganized strike, but was authorized and managed by the United Tailoresses’ Society, of which we now hear for the first time.  We hear of the beginning of many of these short-lived societies, but rarely is there any record of when they went under, or how.

Innumerable organizations of a temporary character existed from time to time in the other large cities, Baltimore and Philadelphia.  Philadelphia has the distinguished honor of being the home of Matthew Carey, who was instrumental in starting the first public inquiry into the conditions of working-women, as he was also the first in America to make public protest against the insufficient pay and wretched conditions imposed upon women, who were now entering the wage-earning occupations in considerable numbers.  He assisted the sewing-women of all branches to form what was practically a city federation of women’s unions, the first of its kind.  One committee was authorized to send to the Secretary of War a protest against the disgracefully low prices paid for army clothing.  Matthew Carey was also held responsible, rightly or wrongly, for an uprising in the book-binding establishments of New York.

All this agitation among workers and the general public was having some effect upon the ethical standards of employers, for a meeting of master book-binders of New York disowned those of their number who paid “less than $3 a week.”  An occasional word of support and sympathy, too, filters through the daily press.  The Commercial Bulletin severely criticized the rates the Secretary of War was paying for his army clothing orders, while the Public Ledger of Philadelphia, speaking of a strike among the women umbrella sewers of New York, commented thus:  “In this case we decidedly approve the turn-out.  Turning out, if peaceably conducted, is perfectly legal, and often necessary, especially among female laborers.”

The next year we again find Matthew Carey helping the oppressed women.  This time it is with a letter and money to support the ladies’ Association of Shoe Binders and Corders of Philadelphia, then on strike.  Shoe-binding was a home industry, existing in many of the towns, and open to all the abuses of home-work.

Lynn, Massachusetts, was then and for long after the center of the shoe trade, and the scene of some of the earliest attempts of home-workers to organize.

1840-1860

Nothing in the history of women’s organizations in the last century leaves a more disheartening impression than the want of continuity in the struggle, although there was never a break nor a let-up in the conditions of low wages, interminably long hours, and general poverty of existence which year in and year out were the lot of the wage-earning women in the manufacturing districts.