1860-1880

The organization of labor upon a national basis really began during this period.  During the ten years from 1863 to 1873 there existed more than thirty national trade unions.  Of these only two, the printers and the cigar-makers, admitted women to their membership.  But in addition the women shoemakers had their own national union, the Daughters of St. Crispin.  Women’s unions of all sorts were represented in the National Labor Union.

From this body women’s local unions received every possible encouragement.  As far as I can understand, the National Labor Union carried on little active work between conventions, but at these gatherings it stood for equal pay for equal work, although, as it appears to us, inconsistently and short-sightedly the delegates refused to incorporate into their resolutions the demand for the ballot as a needful weapon in the hands of women in their strivings after industrial equality.  The need for industrial equality had been forced upon the apprehension of men unionists after they had themselves suffered for long years from the undercutting competition of women.  That women needed to be strong politically in order that they might be strong industrially was a step beyond these good brothers.

There were also two state labor unions, composed solely of women, the Massachusetts Working-Women’s League, and the Working-Women’s Labor Union for the state of New York.

But most of the organization work among women was still local in character.  The New England girl was now practically out of the business, driven out by the still more hardly pushed immigrant.  With her departure were lost to the trades she had practiced the remnants of the experience and the education several generations of workers had acquired in trade unionism and trade-union policy and methods.

Still, at intervals and under sore disadvantages the poor newcomers did some fighting on their own account.  Although they were immigrants they were of flesh and blood like their predecessors, and they naturally rebelled against the ever-increasing amount of work that was demanded of them.  The two looms, formerly complained of, had now increased to six and seven.  The piece of cloth that used to be thirty yards long was now forty-two yards, though the price per piece remained the same.  But strike after strike was lost.  A notable exception was the strike of the Fall River weavers in 1875.  It was led by the women weavers, who refused to accept a ten per cent. cut in wages to which the men of the organization (for they were organized) had agreed.  The women went out in strike in the bitter month of January, taking the men with them.  The leaders selected three mills, and struck against those, keeping the rest of their members at work, in order to have sufficient funds for their purposes.  Even so, 3,500 looms and 156,000 spindles were thrown idle, and 3,125 strikers were out.  The strike lasted more than two months and was successful.