had taught them how to help themselves; and they could obtain a decent meal where an Englishman would have eaten nothing, or something utterly unwholesome.  The Sardinians came next, and it was edifying to see how they could build a fire-place and obtain a fire in a few minutes to boil their pot.  In other ways both French and Sardinians suffered miserably when the British had surmounted their misfortunes.  The mortality from cholera and dysentery in the French force, during the last year, was uncalculated and unreported.  It was so excessive as, in fact, to close the war too soon.  The Sardinians were ravaged by disease from their huts being made partly under ground.  But, so far as the preparation of their food went, both had the advantage of the British, in a way which will never happen again.  I believe the Americans and the English are bad cooks in about the same degree; and the warning afforded by the one may be accepted by the other.

At the end of a day, in Bulgaria or the Crimea, what happened was this.

The soldiers who did not understand cooking or messing had to satisfy their hunger any way they could.  They were so exhausted that they were sure to drink up their allowance of grog the first moment they could lay hands on it.  Then there was hard biscuit, a lump of very salt pork or beef, as hard as a board, and some coffee, raw.  Those who had no touch of scurvy (and they were few) munched their biscuit while they poked about everywhere with a knife, digging up roots or cutting green wood to make a fire.  Each made a hole in the ground, unless there was a bank or great stone at hand, and there he tried, for one half-hour after another, to kindle a fire.  When he got up a flame, there was his salt meat to cook:  it ought to have been soaked and stewed for hours; but he could not wait; and he pulled it to pieces, and gnawed what he could of it, when it was barely warm.  Then he had to roast his coffee, which he did in the lid of his camp-kettle, burning it black, and breaking it as small as he could, with stones or anyhow.  Such coffee as it would make could hardly be worth the trouble.  It was called by one of the doctors charcoal and water.  Such a supper could not fit a man for outpost duty for the night, nor give him good sleep after the toils of the day.

The Sardinians, meantime, united in companies, some members of which were usually on the spot to prepare supper for the rest.  They knew how to look for or provide a shelter for their fire, if only a foot high; and how to cut three or four little trenches, converging at the fire, so as to afford a good draught which would kindle even bad fuel.  They had good stews and porridge and coffee ready when wanted.  The French always had fresh bread.  They carried portable ovens and good bakers.  The British had flour, after a time, but they did not know how to make bread; and if men volunteered for the office, day after day, it usually turned out that they had a mind for