it, and the human being whose income is paid in yearly or half-yearly sums, and to whom a pecuniary tip would appear as an insult; yet, of course, that great gulf is the result of training alone.  John Smith the laborer, with twelve shillings a week, and the bishop with eight thousand a year, had, by original constitution, precisely the same kind of feeling towards that much-sought, yet much-abused reality which provides the means of life.  Who shall reckon up by what millions of slight touches from the hand of circumstance, extending over many years, the one man is gradually formed into the giving of the shilling, and the other man into the receiving of it with that touch of his hat?  Who shall read back the forming influences at work since the days in the cradle, that gradually formed one man into sitting down to dinner, and another man into waiting behind his chair?  I think it would be occasionally a comfort, if one could believe, as American planters profess to believe about their slaves, that there is an original and essential difference between men; for, truly, the difference in their positions is often so tremendous that it is painful to think that it is the self-same clay and the self-same common mind that are promoted to dignity and degraded to servitude.  And if you sometimes feel that,—­you, in whose favor the arrangement tends,—­what do you suppose your servants sometimes think upon the subject?  It was no wonder that the millions of Russia were ready to grovel before their Czar, while they believed that he was “an emanation from the Deity.”  But in countries where it is quite understood that every man is just as much an emanation from the Deity as any other, you will not long have that sort of thing.  You remember Goldsmith’s noble lines, which Dr. Johnson never could read without tears, concerning the English character.  Is it not true that it is just because the humble, but intelligent Englishman understands distinctly that we are all of us people of whom more might have been made, that he has “learnt to venerate himself as man”?  And thinking of influences which form the character, there is a sad reflection which has often occurred to me.  It is, that circumstances often develop a character which it is hard to contemplate without anger and disgust.  And yet, in many such cases, it is rather pity that is due.  The more disgusting the character formed in some men, the more you should pity them.  Yet it is hard to do that.  You easily pity the man whom circumstances have made poor and miserable; how much more you should pity the man whom circumstances have made bad!  You pity the man from whom some terrible accident has taken a limb or a hand; but how much more should you pity the man from whom the influences of years have taken a conscience and a heart!  And something is to be said for even the most unamiable and worst of the race.  No doubt, it is mainly their own fault that they are so bad; but still it is hard work to be always