been known to suffer from panic terror, but none but cowards run away at the first charge that is made upon them.  It is said, by way of excuse for the men who thus fled, in spite of the gallant efforts of their officers to rally them, that they were new troops.  So were our men at Bull Run new troops; and this much can be said of them, that, if they became panic-stricken, it was not until after they had fought for several hours on a hot day, and that they were not well commanded, the officers setting the example of abandoning the field, and not seeking to encourage the soldiers, as was done by the English Parliamentary commanders at Edgehill.  Therefore the English Bull Run was a far more disgraceful affair than was that of America.

We shall not dwell upon the multitudinous panics and flights that happened on both sides in the Great Civil War, but come at once to what took place on the grand field-days of that contest,—­Long-Marston Moor and Naseby.  At Long-Marston Moor, fought July 2, 1644, English, Irish, and Scotch soldiers were present, so that all the island races were on the field in the persons of some of the best of their number.  The Royalists charged the Scotch centre, and were twice repulsed; but their third charge was more successful, and then most of the gallant Scotch force broke in every direction, only some fragments of three regiments standing their ground.  “The Earl of Leven in vain hastened from one part of the line to the other,” says Mr. Langton Sanford, “endeavoring by words and blows to keep the soldiers in the field, exclaiming, ’Though you run from your enemies, yet leave not your general; though you fly from them, yet forsake not me!’ The Earl of Manchester, with great exertions, rallied five hundred of the fugitives, and brought them back to the battle.  But these efforts to turn the fate of the day in this quarter were fruitless, and at length the three generals of the Parliament were compelled to seek safety in flight.  Leven himself, conceiving the battle utterly lost, in which he was confirmed by the opinion of others then on the place near him, seeing they were fleeing upon all hands toward Tadcaster and Cawood, was persuaded by his attendants to retire and wait his better fortune.  He did so, and never drew bridle till he came to Leeds, nearly forty miles distant, having ridden all that night with a cloak of drap-de-berrie about him belonging to the gentleman from whom we derive the information, then in his retinue, with many other officers of good quality.  Manchester and Fairfax, carried away in the flight, soon returned to the field, but the centre and right wing of their army were utterly broken.  ’It was a sad sight,’ exclaims Mr. Ash, [an eye-witness of the affair,] ’to behold many thousands posting away, amazed with panic fears!’ Many fled without striking a blow; and multitudes of people that were spectators ran away in such fear as daunted the soldiers still more, some of the horse never