with it, and gave a new direction to human interest and to human affairs.  It is not perhaps easy to define nor is it visible in the greater writers of the time.  Milton, for instance, and Sir Thomas Browne are both of them too big, and in their genius too far separated from their fellows to give us much clue to altered conditions.  It is commonly in the work of lesser and forgotten writers that the spirit of an age has its fullest expression.  Genius is a law to itself; it moves in another dimension; it is out of time.  To define this seventeenth century spirit, then, one must look at the literature of the age as a whole.  What is there that one finds in it which marks a change in temperament and outlook from the Renaissance, and the time which immediately followed it?

Putting it very broadly one may say that literature in the seventeenth century becomes for the first time essentially modern in spirit.  We began our survey of modern English literature at the Renaissance because the discovery of the New World, and the widening of human experience and knowledge, which that and the revival of classical learning implied, mark a definite break from a way of thought which had been continuous since the break up of the Roman Empire.  The men of the Renaissance felt themselves to be modern.  They started afresh, owing nothing to their immediate forbears, and when they talked, say, of Chaucer, they did so in very much the same accent as we do to-day.  He was mediaeval and obsolete; the interest which he possessed was a purely literary interest; his readers did not meet him easily on the same plane of thought, or forget the lapse of time which separated him from them.  And in another way too, the Renaissance began modern writing.  Inflections had been dropped.  The revival of the classics had enriched our vocabulary, and the English language, after a gradual impoverishment which followed the obsolescence one after another of the local dialects, attained a fairly fixed form.  There is more difference between the language of the English writings of Sir Thomas More and that of the prose of Chaucer than there is between that of More and of Ruskin.  But it is not till the seventeenth century that the modern spirit, in the fullest sense of the word, comes into being.  Defined it means a spirit of observation, of preoccupation with detail, of stress laid on matter of fact, of analysis of feelings and mental processes, of free argument upon institutions and government.  In relation to knowledge, it is the spirit of science, and the study of science, which is the essential intellectual fact in modern history, dates from just this time, from Bacon and Newton and Descartes.  In relation to literature, it is the spirit of criticism, and criticism in England is the creation of the seventeenth century.  The positive temper, the attitude of realism, is everywhere in the ascendant.  The sixteenth century made voyages of discovery; the seventeenth sat down to take stock of the riches it had gathered.  For the first time in English literature writing becomes a vehicle for storing and conveying facts.