[Illustration:  Flag of the United Colonies]

[Illustration:  British Union Jack]

%145.  Capture of Burgoyne.%—­When Schuyler heard of the siege of Fort Stanwix, he sent Benedict Arnold to relieve it, and St. Leger fled to Oswego.  Then was the time for the expedition from New York to have hurried to Burgoyne’s aid.  But Howe and his army were then at sea.  No help was given to Burgoyne, who, after suffering defeats at Bemis Heights (September 19) and at Stillwater (October 7), retreated to Saratoga, where (October 17, 1777) he surrendered his army of 6000 men to General Horatio Gates, whom Congress, to its shame, had just put in the place of Schuyler.  Gates deserves no credit for the capture.  Arnold and Daniel Morgan deserve it, and deserve much; for, judged by its results, Saratoga was one of the great battles of the world.  The results of the surrender were four fold: 

1.  It saved New York state. 2.  It destroyed the plan for the war. 3.  It induced the King to offer us peace with representation in Parliament, or anything else we wanted except independence. 4.  It secured for us the aid of France.

[Illustration:  %Flag of the United States, 1777%]

%146.  Valley Forge.%—­The winter at Valley Forge marks the darkest period of the war.  It was a season of discouragement, when mean spirits grew bold.  Some officers of the army formed a plot, called from one of them the “Conway cabal,” to displace Washington and put Gates in command.  The country people, tempted by British gold, sent their provisions into Philadelphia and not to Valley Forge.  There the suffering of the half-clad, half-fed, ill-housed patriots surpasses description.

But the darkest hour is just before the dawn.  Then it was that an able Prussian soldier, Baron Steuben, joined the army, turned the camp into a school, drilled the soldiers, and made the army better than ever.  Then it was that France acknowledged our independence, and joined us in the war.

%147.  France acknowledges our Independence.%—­In October, 1776, Congress sent Benjamin Franklin to Paris to try to persuade the French King to help us in the war.  Till Burgoyne surrendered and Great Britain offered peace, Franklin found all his efforts vain.[1] But now, when it seemed likely that the states might again be brought under the British crown, the French King promptly acknowledged us to be an independent nation, made a treaty of alliance and a treaty of commerce (February 6, 1778), and soon had a fleet on its way to help us.

[Footnote 1:  For an account of Franklin in France, see McMaster’s With the Fathers, pp. 253-270.]

%148.  The British leave Philadelphia.%—­Hearing of the approach of the French fleet, Sir Henry Clinton, who in May had succeeded Howe in command, left Philadelphia and hurried to the defense of New York.  Washington followed, and, coming up with the rear guard of the enemy at Monmouth in New Jersey, fought a battle (June 28, 1778), and would have gained a great victory had not the traitor, Charles Lee, been in command.[2] Without any reason he suddenly ordered a retreat, which was fortunately prevented from becoming a rout by Washington, who came on the field in time to stop it.