[Footnote:  1 Among the wounded in this battle was a brilliant young Frenchman, the Marquis de Lafayette, who, early in 1777, came to America and offered his services to Congress as a volunteer without pay.]

Congress, which had returned to Philadelphia from Baltimore, now fled to Lancaster and later to York, Pa., and (September 26, 1777) Howe entered Philadelphia in triumph.  October 4, Washington attacked him at Germantown, but was repulsed, and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge.

[Illustration]

%143.  New York invaded.%—­Though Washington had been defeated in the battles around Philadelphia, and had been forced to give that city to the British, his campaign made it possible for the Americans to win another glorious victory in the north.  At the beginning of 1777 the British had planned to conquer New York and so cut the Eastern States off from the Middle States.  To accomplish this, a great army under John Burgoyne was to come up to Albany by way of Lake Champlain.  Another, under Colonel St. Leger, was to go up the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario to Oswego and come down to Mohawk valley to Albany; while the third army, under Howe, was to go up the Hudson from New York and meet Burgoyne at Albany.  True to this plan, Burgoyne came up Lake Champlain, took Ticonderoga (July 5), and, driving General Schuyler before him, reached Fort Edward late in July.  There he heard that the Americans had collected some supplies at Bennington, a little village in the southwestern corner of Vermont, whither he sent 1000 men.  But Colonel John Stark met and utterly destroyed them on August 16.  Meanwhile St. Leger, as planned, had landed at Oswego, and on August 3 laid siege to Fort Stanwix, which then stood on the site of the present city of Rome, N.Y.  On the 6th the garrison sallied forth, attacked a part of St. Leger’s camp, and carried off five British flags.  These they hoisted upside down on their ramparts, and high above them raised a new flag which Congress had adopted in June, and which was then for the first time flung to the breeze.

[Illustration:  Flag of the East India Company]

%144.  Our National Flag.%—­It was our national flag, the stars and stripes, and was made of a piece of a blue jacket, some strips of a white shirt, and some scraps of old red flannel.[1]

[Footnote 1:  The flags used by the continental troops between 1775 and 1777 were of at least a dozen different patterns.  A colored plate showing most of them is given in Treble’s Our Flag, p. 142.  In 1776, in January, Washington used one at Cambridge which seems to have been suggested by the ensign of the East India Company.  That of this company was a combination of thirteen horizontal red and white stripes (seven red and six white) and the red cross of St. George.  That of Washington was the same, with the British Union Jack substituted for the cross of St. George.  After the Declaration of Independence, the British Jack was out of place on our flag; and in June, 1777, Congress adopted a union of thirteen white stars in a circle, on a blue ground, in place of the British Union.  After Vermont and Kentucky were admitted, in 1791 and 1792, the stars and stripes were each increased to fifteen.  In 1818, the original number of stripes was restored, and since that time each new state, when admitted, is represented by a star and not by a stripe.]