10.  Such states as had complied and given the negro the right to vote were under “carpetbag” rule.

11.  This rule became so unbearable that the Ku Klux Klan was organized to terrify the negroes and keep them from the polls.

12.  Congress in consequence sent out the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and in 1871 enacted the Force Act.

13.  These and other issues, as that of amnesty, split the Republican party and led to the appearance of the Liberal Republicans in 1872.

14.  In general, however, party differences turned almost entirely on financial and industrial issues.

[Illustration:  INDUSTRIAL AND RAILROAD MAP OF THE UNITED STATES]

CHAPTER XXXIII

GROWTH OF THE NORTHWEST

%520.  Results of the War.%—­The Civil War was fought by the North for the preservation of the Union and by the South for the destruction of the Union.  But we who, after more than thirty years, look back on the results of that struggle, can see that they did not stop with the preservation of the Union.  Both in the North and in the South the war produced a great industrial revolution.

%521.  Effect on the South.%—­In the South, in the first place, it changed the system of labor from slave to free.  While the South was a slave-owning country free labor would not come in.  Without free labor there could be no mills, no factories, no mechanical industries.  The South raised cotton, tobacco, sugar, and left her great resources undeveloped.  After slavery was abolished, the South was on the same footing as the North, and her splendid resources began at once to be developed.

It was found that her rich deposits of iron ore were second to none in the world.  It was found that beneath her soil lay an unbroken coal field, 39,000 square miles in extent.  It was found that cotton, instead of being raised in less quantity under a system of free labor, was more widely cultivated than ever.  In 1860, 4,670,000 bales were grown; but in 1894 the number produced was 9,500,000.  The result has been the rise of a New South, and the growth of such manufacturing centers as Birmingham in Alabama and Chattanooga in Tennessee, and of that center of commerce, Atlanta, in Georgia.

%522.  Rise of New Industries in the North.%—­Much the same industrial revolution has taken place in the North.  The list of industries well known to us, but unknown in 1860, is a long one.  The production of petroleum for commercial purposes began in 1859, when Mr. Drake drilled his well near Titusville, in Pennsylvania.  In 1860 the daily yield of all the wells in existence was not 200 barrels.  But by 1891 this industry had so developed that 54,300,000 barrels were produced in that year, or 14,900 a day.

[Illustration:  Scene in the oil regions of Pennsylvania]

The last thirty years have seen the rise of cheese making as a distinctive factory industry; of the manufacture of oleo-margarine, wire nails, Bessemer steel, cotton-seed oil, coke, canned goods; of the immense mills of Minneapolis, where 10,000,000 barrels of flour are made annually, and of the meat dressing and packing business for which Chicago and Kansas City are famous.