6.  The issues now before the people were the tariff, the recharter of the National Bank, and the use of the surplus revenue, and these became the leading questions of Jackson’s eight years (1829-1837).

7.  The general use of the steamboat, and the good roads, so reduced the cost of transportation that it was possible to introduce a new piece of political machinery—­the national convention—­to nominate candidates for President and Vice President.

8.  In Jackson’s second term the antislavery movement began in earnest; the Whig party was organized and named; the national debt was paid off, and the surplus distributed.

9.  Jackson was followed by Van Buren, in whose administration the great panic of 1837 occurred.  Because of this and hard times a second national debt was started.  A new financial measure was the establishment of the Independent Treasury.

10.  This the Whigs under Tyler destroyed.  They attempted to replace it with a third National Bank, but were prevented from doing so by Tyler’s vetoes.

* * * * *

THE INDUSTRIAL, MECHANICAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND SOCIAL PROGRESS OF OUR COUNTRY BETWEEN 1800 AND 1840 LEADS TO

New political ideas

   Gerrymandering. 
   Extension of the franchise. 
   No third term for a President. 
   No nomination by congressional caucus.

New political issues.

   Use of public lands. 
   Tariff. 
   Internal improvements.

* * * * *

These issues and ideas break up the Republican party into factions led in 1824 by

Crawford and Gallatin, Caucus candidates.

Anti-caucus candidates.

   Clay,
   Calhoun,
   Adams,
   Jackson

Elected

   Adams by House of Representatives. 
   Calhoun by electoral college.

Renominated in 1828.

   Adams defeated. 
   Jackson and Calhoun elected.

________________________________|____________________
|                         |                       18|32
|                         |           ______________|_________________________________
Tariff.                      |           |               |                              |
Of 1824, opposed             |     Clay defeated.   Jackson reelected.          1827, Rise of Antimasons.
by the South.            Finance                  Van Buren Vice President    1831, Originate national
Of 1828, \            ________________                   |                        nominating convention. 
Of 1832, / Nullified  |              |   ________________|___________________________________
by South    Attack on the     |                  |               |      |        |
Carolina    Bank of the       Removal of the   Surplus.       Specie     |   Speculation
in 1832.     United States.    deposits.         Cause of      Circular   |