%239.  The Stamp Tax; the Direct Tax and Fries’s Rebellion, 1798.%—­The heavy cost of the preparations for war made new taxes necessary.  Two of these, a stamp tax very similar to the famous one of 1765, and a direct tax, greatly excited the people.  The direct tax was the first of its kind in our history, and was laid on lands, houses, and negro slaves.  In certain counties of eastern Pennsylvania, where the population was chiefly German, the purpose of the tax was not understood, and the people refused to make returns of the value of their farms and houses.  When the assessors came to measure the houses and count the windows as a means of determining the value of the property, the people drove them off.  For this some of the leaders were arrested.  But the people under John Fries rose and rescued the prisoners.  At this stage President Adams called out the militia, and marched it against the rebels.  They yielded.  But Fries was tried for treason, was sentenced to be hanged, and was then pardoned.  Thus a second time was it proved that the people of the United States were determined to support the Constitution and the laws and put down rebellion.

%240.  Washington the National Capital.%—­In accordance with the bargain made in 1790, Washington selected a site for the Federal city on both banks of the Potomac.  This great square tract of land was ten miles long on each side, and was given to the government partly by Maryland and partly by Virginia.[1] It was called the District of Columbia, and in it were marked out the streets of Washington city.

[Footnote 1:  In 1846 so much of the District as had belonged to Virginia was given back to her.]

Though all possible haste was made, the President’s house was still unfinished, the Capitol but partly built, and the streets nothing but roads cut through the woods, when, in the summer of 1800, the secretaries, the clerks, the books and papers of the government left Philadelphia for Washington.  With the opening of the new century, and the occupation of the new Capitol, came a new President, and a new party in control of the government.

[Illustration:  The National Capitol as it was in 1825]

%241.  The Election of Thomas Jefferson.%—­The year 1800 was a presidential year, and though no formal nomination was made, a caucus of Republican leaders selected as candidates Thomas Jefferson for President, and Aaron Burr for Vice President.  A caucus or meeting of Federalist leaders selected John Adams and C. C. Pinckney as their candidates.  When the returns were all in, it appeared that Jefferson had received seventy-three votes, Burr seventy-three votes, Adams sixty-five votes, Pinckney sixty-four votes.  The Constitution provided that the man who received the highest number of electoral votes, if the choice of the majority of the electors, should be President.  But as Jefferson and Burr had each seventy-three, neither had the highest, and neither was President.  The duty of electing a President