[Footnote 4:  Browne’s Maryland:  the History of a Palatinate, p. 19.]

[Sidenote:  Charter of Pennsylvania.] [Sidenote:  Mason and Dixon’s line] Half a century after the founding of Maryland, similar though somewhat less extensive proprietary powers were granted by Charles II. to William Penn, and under them the colony of Pennsylvania was founded and Delaware was purchased.  Pennsylvania and Delaware had each its house of representatives elected by the people; but there was only one governor and council for the two colonies.  The governor and council were appointed by the lord proprietary, and as the council confined itself to advising the governor and did not take part in legislation, there was no upper house.  The legislature was one-chambered.  The office of lord proprietary was hereditary in the Penn family.  For about eighty years the Penns and Calverts quarrelled, like true sovereigns, about the boundary-line between their principalities, until in 1763 the matter was finally settled.  A line was agreed upon, and the survey was made by two distinguished mathematicians, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon.  The line ran westward 244 miles from the Delaware River, and every fifth milestone was engraved with the arms of Penn on the one side and those of Calvert on the other.  In later times, after all the states north of Maryland had abolished slavery, Mason and Dixon’s line became famous as the boundary between slave states and free states.

[Sidenote:  Other proprietary governments.] At first there were other proprietary colonies besides those just mentioned, but in course of time the rights or powers of their lords proprietary were resumed by the crown.  When New Netherland was conquered from the Dutch it was granted to the duke of York as lord proprietary; but after one-and-twenty years the duke ascended the throne as James II., and so the part of the colony which he had kept became the royal province of New York.  The part which he had sold to Berkeley and Carteret remained for a while the proprietary colony of New Jersey, sometimes under one government, sometimes divided between two; but the rule of the lords proprietary was very unpopular, and in 1702 their rights were surrendered to the crown.  The Carolinas and Georgia were also at first proprietary colonies, but after a while they willingly came under the direct sway of the crown.  In general the proprietary governments were unpopular because the lords proprietary, who usually lived in England and visited their colonies but seldom, were apt to regard their colonies simply as sources of personal income.  This was not the case with William Penn, or the earlier Calverts, or with James Oglethorpe, the illustrious founder of Georgia; but it was too often the case.  So long as the lord’s rents, fees, and other emoluments were duly collected, he troubled himself very little as to what went on in the colony.  If that had been all, the colony would have troubled itself very little about him.  But the governor