who votes a straight party ticket will make all his marks in a very short time, while the “scratcher,” or independent voter, will consume much more time in selecting his names.  Thus people interested in seeing whether a man is voting the straight party ticket or not can form an opinion from the length of time he spends in the booth.  It is, therefore, important that the names of all candidates should be printed in a single column.]

[Footnote 38:  An important step in this direction has been taken in the New York Corrupt Practices Act of April, 1890.  See Appendix J.]

Complaints of bribery and corruption have attracted especial attention in the United States during the past few years, and it is highly creditable to the good sense of the people that measures of prevention have been so promptly adopted by so many states.  With an independent and uncorrupted ballot, and the civil service taken “out of politics,” all other reforms will become far more easily accomplished.  These ends will presently be attained.  Popular government makes many mistakes, and sometimes it is slow in finding them out; but when once it has discovered them it has a way of correcting them.  It is the best kind of government in the world, the most wisely conservative, the most steadily progressive, and the most likely to endure.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT.

1.  What was a chief source of opposition to the new federal government?

2.  What necessity for caution existed in devising methods to raise money?

3.  Hamilton’s scheme of excise:—­
  a.  The things on which excise was laid.
  b.  The unpopularity of the scheme.
  c.  The “Whiskey Insurrection.”
  d.  Its suppression by Washington.

4.  Hamilton’s tariff scheme:—­
  a.  The class of things on which duties were placed.
  b.  Popular acquiescence in the plan.
  c.  Effect of diverting the stream of custom-house revenue from its old
     destination in the several state treasuries to its new destination in
      the federal treasury.
  d.  Direct taxation during the Civil War.
  e.  Methods pursued since the Civil War.

5.  The origin of American political parties:—­
  a.  Jefferson’s objection to Hamilton’s policy.
  b.  Hamilton’s defence of his policy.
  c.  Jefferson’s view of the Elastic Clause.
  d.  Hamilton’s view of the Elastic Clause.
  e.  Two names suggestive of an abiding antagonism in American politics.
  f.  A view of the Elastic Clause that commends itself to all.
  g.  The party of Hamilton and its successors.
  h.  The party of Jefferson and its successor.

6.  Great practical questions that have divided parties:—­
  a.  The Tariff.
  b.  Internal Improvements.
  c.  A National Bank.
  d.  The present attitude towards these three questions.
  e.  The shifting of ground in arguing the tariff question.
  f.  The reason for this change of base.