[Footnote A:  Jarchi’s comment on “Thou shall not compel him to serve as a bond-servant” is, “The Hebrew servant is not to be required to do any thing which is accounted degrading—­such as all offices of personal attendance, as loosing his master’s shoe-latchet, bringing him water to wash his feet and hands, waiting on him at table, dressing him, carrying things to and from the bath.  The Hebrew servant is to work with his master as a son or brother, in the business of his farm, or other labor, until his legal release.”]

[Footnote B:  The disabilities of the Strangers, which were distinctions, based on a different national descent, and important to the preservation of national characteristics, and a national worship, did not at all affect their social estimation.  They were regarded according to their character, and worth as persons, irrespective of their foreign origin, employments, and political condition.]

We are now prepared to review at a glance, the condition of the different classes of servants, with the modifications peculiar to each class.  In the possession of all fundamental rights, all classes of servants were on an absolute equality, all were equally protected by law in their persons, character, property and social relations; all were voluntary, all were compensated for their labor, and released from it nearly half of the days in each year; all were furnished with stated instruction:  none in either class were in any sense articles of property, all were regarded as men, with the rights, interests, hopes and destinies of men.  In all these respects, all classes of servants among the Israelites, formed but ONE CLASS.  The different classes and the differences in each class, were, (1.) Hired Servants. This class consisted both of Israelites and Strangers.  Their employments were different.  The Israelite was an agricultural servant.  The Stranger was a domestic and personal servant, and in some instances mechanical; both were occasional and temporary.  Both lived in their own families, their wages were money, and they were paid when their work was done. (2.) Bought Servants, (including those “born in the house.”) This class also, consisted of Israelites and Strangers, the same difference in their kinds of employments noticed before.  Both were paid in advance[A], and neither was temporary.  The Israelitish servant, with the exception of the freeholders was released after six years.  The stranger was a permanent servant, continuing until the jubilee.  A marked distinction obtained also between different classes of Jewish bought servants.  Ordinarily, they were merged in their master’s family, and, like his wife and children, subject to his authority; (and, like them, protected by law from its abuse.) But the freeholder was a marked exception:  his family relations, and authority remained unaffected, nor was he subjected as an inferior to the control of his master, though dependent upon him for employment.