[Footnote 402:  ad Att. ii. 14 and 15.]

[Footnote 403:  O.E.  Schmidt, Briefwechsel Cicero’s, pp. 66 and 454; but see his Cicero’s Villen, p. 46, note.]

[Footnote 404:  ad Att. xii. 19 init.]

[Footnote 405:  See Seneca, Epist. 69, on the disturbing influence of constant change of scene.]

[Footnote 406:  There is an exception in the young Cicero’s letter to Tiro, translated above, p. 202.]

[Footnote 407:  Censorinus, De die natali, 23. 6.; Pliny, N.H. vii. 213.  On the whole subject of the division of the day see Marquardt, Privatlben, p. 246 foll.]

[Footnote 408:  In the XII Tables only sunrise and sunset were mentioned (Pliny, l.c. 212).  Later on noon was proclaimed by the Consul’s marshal (Varro, de Ling.  Lat. vi. 5), and also the end of the civil day.  Cp.  Varro, L.L. vi. 89.]

[Footnote 409:  Cic. pro Quinctio, 18. 59.]

[Footnote 410:  See the article “Horologium” in Dict. of Antiquities, vol. i.]

[Footnote 411:  Our modern hours are called equinoctial, because they are fixed at the length of the natural hour at the equinoxes.  This system does not seem to have come in until late in the Empire period.]

[Footnote 412:  For the water-clock see Marquardt, op. cit. p. 773 foll.]

[Footnote 413:  The lines are so good that I may venture to quote them in full from Gell. iii 3 (cp.  Ribbeck, Fragm.  Gomicorum, ii. p. 34):  “parasitus esuriens dicit: 

  Ut illum di perdant primus qui horas repperit,
  Quique adeo primus statuit hic solarium. 
  Qui mihi comminuit misero articulatim diem,
  Nam olim me puero venter erat solarium,
  Multo omnium istorum optimum et verissimum: 
  Ubivis ste monebat esse, nisi quom nihil erat. 
  Nunc etiam quom est, non estur, nisi soli libet. 
  Itaque adeo iam oppletum oppidum est solariis,
  Maior pars populi iam aridi reptant fame.”

The fourth line contains a truth of human nature, of which illustrations might easily be found at the present day.]

[Footnote 414:  Pliny, N.H. xv. 1 foll, supplies the history of the oil industry.  For the candles see Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 690.]

[Footnote 415:  See above, p. 93.]

[Footnote 416:  Marq. Privatleben, p. 264.]

[Footnote 417:  Cic. ad Q.F. ii. 3. 7.  For the lippitudo, ad Att. vii. 14.]

[Footnote 418:  Hor. Epist. ii. 1. 112; Pliny, Ep. iii. 5, 8, 9.]

[Footnote 419:  Hor. Epist. ii. 1. 103:  “Romae dulce diu fuit et solenne reclusa Mane domo vigilare, clienti promere iura” etc.  It is curious that all our information on this early business comes from the literature of the Empire.  The single passage of Cicero which Marquardt could find to illustrate it unluckily relates to his practice as governor of Cilicia (ad Att. vi. 2. 5).]