[Footnote 323:  Livy xxxix. 44.]

[Footnote 324:  N.H.. vii. 55.  This story affords a good example of the tricks of the trade:  the boys were not twins, and came from different countries, though exactly alike.]

[Footnote 325:  Bevoelkerung, p. 403.]

[Footnote 326:  Cic. Off. ii. 21. 73.]

[Footnote 327:  Galen v. p. 49, ed.  Kuhn; Galen was a native of this great city.]

[Footnote 328:  Dr. Gummerus promises it.]

[Footnote 329:  Sittengeschichte, i., ed. 5, p. 264.]

[Footnote 330:  Probably by Clodius in 58.]

[Footnote 331:  Asconius ad Cic. pro Cornel., ed.  Clark, p. 75; Waltzing, Corporations professionelles, i. p. 90 foll.]

[Footnote 332:  Baking as a trade only came in, as we saw, in 174; Plautus died in 184; some doubt is thus thrown on the Roman character of the passage, or the allusion may not be to a public bakery.]

[Footnote 333:  See a remarkable passage of Athenaeus (vi. 104) quoted by Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 156, on the use of slaves at Rome for unproductive labour.]

[Footnote 334:  Sallust, e.g., says of his own life in retirement that he would not engage in “agrum colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis.”—­Catil. 4.]

[Footnote 335:  Wallon, Hist. de l’Esclavage, vol. ii. ch. iii.]

[Footnote 336:  Sall. Catil. 12.]

[Footnote 337:  iv. 3. 11 and 12.  Plutarch says that as military tribune Cato the younger had fifteen slaves with him.—­Cato minor 9.]

[Footnote 338:  Cato, R.R. 2.  I.]

[Footnote 339:  In ch. 185 he mentions towns where many other objects may be bought best and cheapest:  at Rome, e.g., clothing and rugs, at Cales and Minturnae farm-instruments of iron, etc.  See also Gummerus, op. cit. p. 36.]

[Footnote 340:  R.R. 10 and 11.]

[Footnote 341:  Assiduos homines quinquaginta praebeto, i.e. the contractor:  ch. 144.]

[Footnote 342:  See the discussion of this word in Gummerus, p. 62 foll.  Varro defines them as those “qui suas operas in servitutem dant pro pecunia quam debebant” (de Ling.  Lat. vii. 105), i.e. they give their labour as against servitude.]

[Footnote 343:  R.R. i. 22.]

[Footnote 344:  Cp.  Plut. Cato the Elder 21; a slave must be at work when he is not asleep.]

[Footnote 345:  This is a point on which I cannot enter, but there can hardly be a doubt that in the long run free labour is cheaper.  See Cairnes, Slave Power in America, ch. iii.; Salvioli, Le Capitalisme, p. 253; Columella, Praejatio.]

[Footnote 346:  Gummerus, p. 81.  At the same time the small cultivator is an obvious fact in Columella, cultivating his bit of land without working for others.]

[Footnote 347:  For Spartacus, Appian, B.G. i. 116; for Caelius, Caesar, B.C. iii. 22; and cp. B.C. i. 56.]