[Footnote 294:  Pro Caelio, 4. 9.]

[Footnote 295:  Livy xlv. 37. 3.]

[Footnote 296:  Pro Caelio, 30. 72.]

[Footnote 297:  Pro Caelio, 31. 74.]

[Footnote 298:  Roman Education, ch. v.]

[Footnote 299:  Rhetorica ad Herenniwm, init.  The date of this work was about 82 B.C.  See a paper by the author in Journal of Philology, x. 197.]

[Footnote 300:  H. Nettleship, Lectures, etc., p.  III; Wilkins, p. 85; Quintil. xii. 2.]

[Footnote 301:  Wilkins, l.c.]

[Footnote 302:  Quintil. i. 4. 5; xii. 1. 1; xii. 2 and 7.]

[Footnote 303:  Ib. xii. 1. 11.]

[Footnote 304:  Plut. Cic. 4; Caes. 3.]

[Footnote 305:  ad Fam. xvi. 21.  The translation is based on Mr. Shuckburgh’s.]

[Footnote 306:  See Der Horn, Gutsbetrieb, by H. Gummerus, reprinted from Klio, 1906:  an excellent specimen of economic research, to which I am much indebted in this chapter.—­E.  Meyer, Die Sclaverei im Altertum, p. 46.]

[Footnote 307:  Strabo, p. 668.]

[Footnote 308:  Livy, xlv. 34.]

[Footnote 309:  Livy, Epit. 68.]

[Footnote 310:  Caesar, B.G. ii. 33.]

[Footnote 311:  ad Att. v. 20. 5.]

[Footnote 312:  Wallon (Hist. de l’Esclavage, ii. p. 38) has noted that Virgil alone shows a feeling of tenderness for the lot of the captive, quoting Aen. iii. 320 foll. (the speech of Andromache):  but this was for the fate of a princess, and a mythical princess.  No Latin poet of that age shows any real sympathy with captives or with slaves.]

[Footnote 313:  Cic. pro lege Manilia 12. 23.  Plutarch, in his Life of Pompey 24, adds that Romans of good standing would join in the pirates’ business in order to make profit in this scandalous way.]

[Footnote 314:  Suet. Aug. 32, of the period before Augustus.]

[Footnote 315:  Varro, R.R. ii. 10; Diodorus xxxvi. 3. 1.]

[Footnote 316:  Hor. Epist. i. 6. 39:—­

  “Mancipiis locuples eget aeris Cappadocum rex: 
  Ne fueris hic tu.”
]

[Footnote 317:  Varro, R.R. i. 17.]

[Footnote 318:  Ib. 2. 10. 3.]

[Footnote 319:  Hor. Epode 2. 65.  Cp.  Tibull. ii. 1. 25 “turbaque vernarum, saturi bona signa coloni.”]

[Footnote 320:  See Gummerus, op. cit. p. 63, who considers the obaeratus of Varro as the equivalent of the addictus of the Roman law of debt.]

[Footnote 321:  See the well-known description of the Forum in Plautus’ Curculio, iv. 1:  “pone aedem Castoris, ibi sunt subito quibu’ credas male”; Marq. Privatleven, p. 168; Wallon, op. cit. ch. ii.]

[Footnote 322:  Gellius iv. 2 gives an extract from the edict of the aediles drawn up with the object of counteracting such sharp practice.]