[Footnote 159:  The most instructive passage on vituperatio is Cicero’s defence of Caelius, ch. 3.  Cp.  Quintilian iii. 7. 1 and 19.  On the custom at triumphs, etc., see Munro’s Elucidations of Catullus, p. 75 foll. for most valuable remarks.]

[Footnote 160:  We have courteous letters from Cicero both to Piso and Vatinius, only a few years after he had depicted them in public as monsters of iniquity.]

[Footnote 161:  Plut.  C. Gracchus, ch. 6 ad fin.  Cp.  Livy vii. 33.]

[Footnote 162:  These characteristic figures may be most conveniently seen in Strong’s interesting volume on Roman sculpture, p. 42 foll.]

[Footnote 163:  Plut. Cato, ch. 1. ad fin.  Blanditia was the word for civility in a candidate:  “opus est magnopere blanditia,” says Quintus Cicero, de pet cons.Sec. 41.]

[Footnote 164:  There is a pleasanter picture of Cato, sitting in Lucullus’ library and in his right mind, in Cic. de Finibus iii. 2. 7.]

[Footnote 165:  See Leo, in work already cited, p. 338 foll.]

[Footnote 166:  For this remarkable writer, of whose work only a few fragments survive, see Leo, op. cit. p. 340, and Schanz, Gesch. der roem.  Literatur, i. p. 278 foll.]

[Footnote 167:  Cicero, Brutus, 75, 262.]

[Footnote 168:  The other Caesarian writers followed him more or less successfully; Hirtius, who wrote the eighth book of the Gallic War, and the authors of the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars (the first possibly by Asinius Pollio).]

[Footnote 169:  Leo, op. cit. p. 355.]

[Footnote 170:  See below, ch. vi.]

[Footnote 171:  The passage just cited from the de Finibus (iii. 27) introduces us to the library of Lucullus at Tusculum, whither Cicero had gone to consult books, and where he found Cato sitting surrounded by volumes of Stoic treatises.]

[Footnote 172:  The fragments of Panaetius are collected by H.N.  Fowler, Bonn, 1885.  The best account of his teaching known to me is in Schmekel, Philosophie der Mittleren Stoa, p. 18 foll.  But all can read the two first books of the de Officiis.]

[Footnote 173:  Leo, op. cit. p. 360.  Schmekel deals comprehensively with Posidonius’ philosophy, as reflected in Varro and Cicero, p. 85 foll.]

[Footnote 174:  See Professor Reid’s introduction to Cicero’s Academica, p. 17.  Cicero considered Posidonius the greatest of the Stoics.—­Ib. p. 5.]

[Footnote 175:  Cic. de Legibus i. affords many examples of this view, which was apparently that of Posidonius, e.g. 6. 18 and 8. 25.  Cp. de Republica, iii. 22. 33.]

[Footnote 176:  Gaius i. i; Cic. de Officiis iii. 5. 23; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, iii. p. 604, based on the research of H. Nettleship in Journal of Philology, vol. xiii. p. 175.  See also Sohm, Institutes of Roman Law, ch. ii.]