[Footnote 142:  ad Q. Fratr. ii. 4. 3.  Cp. ad Att. iv. 2.]

[Footnote 143:  ad Q. Fratr. ii. 14. 3.]

[Footnote 144:  ad Att. xii. 22.  I may add in a footnote a final startling example of recklessness we have been noting.  Decimus Brutus had, in March 44 B.C., a capital of L320,000, yet next year he writes to Cicero that so far from any part of his private property being unencumbered, he had encumbered all his friends with debt also (ad Fam. xi. 10. 5).  But this was in order to maintain troops.]

[Footnote 145:  ad Att. xiii. 42.  Cp. xvi. 5.]

[Footnote 146:  What the king really wanted the money for, was to bribe the senate to restore him.—­Cic. ad Fam. i. 1.]

[Footnote 147:  Cic. pro Bab.  Post. 8. 22.]

[Footnote 148:  Varro, R.R. i. 2.  Ferrero (Greatness and Decline of Rome) has the merit of having discerned the signs of the regeneration of Italian agriculture at this time, but he is apt to push his conclusions further than the evidence warrants.  See the translation of his work by A.E.  Zimmern, i. p. 124; ii. p. 131 foll.  The statement of Pliny quoted by him (xv. 1. 3) that oil was first exported from Italy in the year 52 B.C., is, however, of the utmost importance.]

[Footnote 149:  The Republic was not to last long; but among the consuls of the last years of its existence were several members of the old families.]

[Footnote 150:  ad Fam. xv. 12.  This rather stilted letter is nearly identical with one to the other consul-designate, another aristocrat, Claudius Marcellus.  Cicero is in each case trying to do his own business, while writing to a man of higher social rank than his own.]

[Footnote 151:  The letters of the years 58 to 54 are full of bitter allusions to the invidia of these men, which culminate in the long and windy one to Lentulus Spinther of October 54, where he actually accuses them of taking up Clodius in order to spite him.  In a confidential note to Atticus in the spring of 56, he told him that they hated him for buying the Tusculan villa of the great noble Catulus.—­ad Fam. i. 9; ad Att. iv. 5.]

[Footnote 152:  Plutarch, Cato major 2 and 12.]

[Footnote 153:  Corn.  Nepos, Cato 1. 4, who remarks that Cato’s return from his quaestorship in Sardinia with Ennius in his train was as good as a splendid triumph.]

[Footnote 154:  Plut. Aem.  Paul. 6 ad fin.]

[Footnote 155:  Polybius, xxxii. 9-16.]

[Footnote 156:  The difference between him and his father, especially in politics, is sketched in Plutarch’s Life of the latter, ch. xxxviii.]

[Footnote 157:  Leo, in Die griechische und lateinische Literatur, p. 337.]

[Footnote 158:  The best specimens, or rather the worst, are to be found in the speeches in Pisonem, in Vatinium, and in the Second Philippic.]