[Footnote 52:  e.g.  Caesar, Bell.  Civ. iii. 47.  Cp.  Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 24.]

[Footnote 53:  On this point see Salvioli, Le Capitalisme dans le monde antique, ch. vi. is a book with many shortcomings, but written by an Italian who knows his own country.]

[Footnote 54:  See the author’s Roman Festivals, p. 76 (Cerealia).]

[Footnote 55:  Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, ii. pp. 107, 110 foll.  A modius, which = nearly a peck, contained about 20 lb. of wheat (Pliny, N.H. xviii. 66).  Four and a half modii x 20=90 lb.]

[Footnote 56:  Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsbeamten, ed. 2, p. 231; Strabo, p. 652 (Rhodes).]

[Footnote 57:  Caesar, B.C. iii. 42. 3.]

[Footnote 58:  Marquardt, op. cit. p. 110.]

[Footnote 59:  For Gracchus’ motives see a paper by the present writer in the English Historical Review for 1905, p. 221 foll.]

[Footnote 60:  Cic. Tusc.  Disp. iii. 20. 48.]

[Footnote 61:  Lex Julia municipalis, 1-20, compared with Suetonius, Jul. 41.]

[Footnote 62:  A good example will be found in Cic. ad Att. iv. 1. 6 foll.; the first letter written by Cicero after his return from exile.]

[Footnote 63:  See my Roman Festivals, pp. 85 and 204.]

[Footnote 64:  Pliny, Nat.  Hist. xviii. 17.]

[Footnote 65:  Suet. Aug. 42.]

[Footnote 66:  Frontinus i. 4.  The date of his work is towards the end of the first century A.D.]

[Footnote 67:  See Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, p. 48; Mommsen, Hist. vol. i.  Appendix.]

[Footnote 68:  Frontinus i. 7, whose account is confirmed by the recently discovered Epitomes of Livy’s lost books.—­Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, iv. 113.]

[Footnote 69:  See the useful table in Lanciani, op. cit. 58.]

[Footnote 70:  This dates from the reign of Domitian.  The nature of the public fountain may be realised at Pompeii.  See Mau, Pompeii, its Life and Art, p. 224 foll.]

[Footnote 71:  Cic. de Officiis, i. 42. 150.]

[Footnote 72:  Livy xxii. 25 ad fin.]

[Footnote 73:  It is very conspicuous, e.g., in the novels of Jane Austen.]

[Footnote 74:  G. Unwin, Industrial Organisation, etc., p. 2.]

[Footnote 75:  Plutarch, Numa, 17; Ovid, Fasti, iii. 310 foll.]

[Footnote 76:  J.B.  Carter, The Religion of Numa, p. 48.]

[Footnote 77:  Marq. iii. p. 138.  See also Kornemann’s article “Collegium” in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encykl., and Waltzing, Corporations professionelles chez les Romains, i. p. 78 foll.]

[Footnote 78:  Le Capitalisme, etc., p. 144 foll.]

[Footnote 79:  Cairnes, Slave Power, pp. 78, 143 foll.  See below, p. 235.]