The Sistine Chapel was built in 1473 by Baccio Pontelli, a Florentine architect, for Pope Sixtus IV.  It is a simple barn-like chamber, 132 feet in length, 44 in breadth, and 68 in height from the pavement.  The ceiling consists of one expansive flattened vault, the central portion of which offers a large plane surface, well adapted to fresco decoration.  The building is lighted by twelve windows, six upon each side of its length.  These are placed high up, their rounded arches running parallel with the first spring of the vaulting.  The ends of the chapel are closed by flat walls, against the western of which is raised the altar.

When Michelangelo was called to paint here, he found both sides of the building, just below the windows, decorated in fresco by Perugino, Cosimo Rosselli, Sandro Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, and Domenico Ghirlandajo.  These masters had depicted, in a series of twelve subjects, the history of Moses and the life of Jesus.  Above the lines of fresco, in the spaces between the windows and along the eastern end at the same height, Botticelli painted a row of twenty-eight Popes.  The spaces below the frescoed histories, down to the seats which ran along the pavement, were blank, waiting for the tapestries which Raffaello afterwards supplied from cartoons now in possession of the English Crown.  At the west end, above the altar, shone three decorative frescoes by Perugino, representing the Assumption of the Virgin, between the finding of Moses and the Nativity.  The two last of these pictures opened respectively the history of Moses and the life of Christ, so that the Old and New Testaments were equally illustrated upon the Chapel walls.  At the opposite, or eastern end, Ghirlandajo painted the Resurrection, and there was a corresponding picture of Michael contending with Satan for the body of Moses.

Such was the aspect of the Sistine Chapel when Michelangelo began his great work.  Perugino’s three frescoes on the west wall were afterwards demolished to make room for his Last Judgment.  The two frescoes on the east wall are now poor pictures by very inferior masters; but the twelve Scripture histories and Botticelli’s twenty-eight Popes remain from the last years of the fifteenth century.

Taken in their aggregate, the wall-paintings I have described afforded a fair sample of Umbrian and Tuscan art in its middle or quattrocento age of evolution.  It remained for Buonarroti to cover the vault and the whole western end with masterpieces displaying what Vasari called the “modern” style in its most sublime and imposing manifestation.  At the same time he closed the cycle of the figurative arts, and rendered any further progress on the same lines impossible.  The growth which began with Niccolo of Pisa and with Cimabue, which advanced through Giotto and his school, Perugino and Pinturicchio, Piero della Francesca and Signorelli, Fra Angelico and Benozzo Gozzoli, the Ghirlandajo brothers, the Lippi and Botticelli, effloresced in Michelangelo, leaving nothing for aftercomers but manneristic imitation.