handled, will never cease to deliver power.  Under our form of civilization, if a few men ever succeed in controlling the sources of power, they will eventually control all industry as well.  If they succeed in controlling all industry, they will necessarily control the country.  This country has achieved political freedom; what our people are fighting for now is industrial freedom.  And unless we win our industrial liberty, we can not keep our political liberty.  I see no reason why we should deliberately keep on helping to fasten the handcuffs of corporate control upon ourselves for all time merely because the few men who would profit by it most have heretofore had the power to compel it.

The essential things that must be done to protect the water powers for the people are few and simple.  First, the granting of water powers forever, either on non-navigable or navigable streams, must absolutely stop.  It is perfectly clear that one hundred, fifty, or even twenty-five years ago our present industrial conditions and industrial needs were completely beyond the imagination of the wisest of our predecessors.  It is just as true that we can not imagine or foresee the industrial conditions and needs of the future.  But we do know that our descendants should be left free to meet their own necessities as they arise.  It can not be right, therefore, for us to grant perpetual rights to the one great permanent source of power.  It is just as wrong as it is foolish, and just as needless as it is wrong, to mortgage the welfare of our children in such a way as this.  Water powers must and should be developed mainly by private capital and they must be developed under conditions which make investment in them profitable and safe.  But neither profit nor safety requires perpetual rights, as many of the best water-power men now freely acknowledge.

Second, the men to whom the people grant the right to use water-power should pay for what they get.  The water-power sites now in the public hands are enormously valuable.  There is no reason whatever why special interests should be allowed to use them for profit without making some direct payment to the people for the valuable rights derived from the people.  This is important not only for the revenue the Nation will get.  It is at least equally important as a recognition that the public controls its own property and has a right to share in the benefits arising from its development.  There are other ways in which public control of water power must be exercised, but these two are the most important.

Water power on non-navigable streams usually results from dropping a little water a long way.  In the mountains water is dropped many hundreds of feet upon the turbines which move the dynamos that produce the electric current.  Water power on navigable streams is usually produced by dropping immense volumes of water a short distance, as twenty feet, fifteen feet, or even less.  Every stream is a unit from its