2.  To construct railways and other transportation facilities for the distribution of food.  This work has been pushed with great energy, and during the last ten years the railway mileage has been increased nearly 50 per cent to a total of more than 26,000 miles.  About 2,000 miles are now under construction and approaching completion, and fresh projects will be taken up and pushed so that food may be distributed throughout the empire as rapidly as possible in time of emergency.  Railway construction has also been one of the chief methods of relief.  During the recent famine, and that of 1897, millions of coolies, who could find no other employment, were engaged at living wages upon various public works.  This was considered better than giving them direct relief, which was avoided as far as possible so that they should not acquire the habit of depending upon charity.  And as a part of the permanent famine relief system for future emergencies, the board of public works has laid out a scheme of roads and the department of agriculture a system of irrigation upon which the unemployed labor can be mobilized at short notice, and funds have been set apart for the payment of their wages.  This is one of the most comprehensive schemes of charity ever conceived, and must commend to every mind the wisdom, foresight and benevolence of the Indian government, which, with the experience with a dozen famines, has found that its greatest difficulty has been to relieve the distressed and feed the hungry without making permanent paupers of them.  Every feature of famine relief nowadays involves the employment of the needy and rejects the free distribution of food.

3.  The government is doing everything possible to encourage the diversification of labor, to draw people from the farms and employ them in other industries.  This requires a great deal of time, because it depends upon private enterprise, but during the last ten years there has been a notable increase in the number of mechanical industries and the number of people employed by them, which it is believed will continue because of the profits that have been realized by investors.

4.  The government is also making special efforts to develop the dormant resources of the empire.  There has been a notable increase in mining, lumbering, fishing, and other outside industries which have not received the attention they deserved by the people of India; and, finally,

5.  The influence of the government has also been exerted so far as could be to the encouragement of habits of thrift among the people by the establishment of postal savings banks and other inducements for wage-earners to save their money.  Ninety per cent of the population of India lives from hand to mouth and depends for sustenance upon the crops raised upon little patches of ground which in America would be too insignificant for consideration.  There is very seldom a surplus.  The ordinary Hindu never gets ahead, and, therefore, when his little crop fails he is helpless.