1.  Had Italy ever been a nation?
 2.  What German tribe ruled Italy in 525? (See map.)
 3.  What tribe ruled Italy in 650? (See map.)
 4.  What part of Italy once belonged to the Holy Roman Empire? (See
    map.)
 5.  What induced the French to elect Bonaparte as First Consul and
    afterward Emperor?
 6.  What led Napoleon to make war on the other rulers?
 7.  What was Napoleon’s great mistake?
 8.  Why did the people welcome him upon his return from Elba?
 9.  What was the effect of the battle of Waterloo?

CHAPTER X

  A King-Made Map and its Trail of Wrongs

A meeting of kings and diplomats.—­Austrians and English vs.  Prussians and Russians.—­Talleyrand the subtle.—­Carving a new map.—­The people are ignored.—­Sowing the seeds of trouble.—­Unhappy Poland.—­Divided Italy.—­Revolts of the people.—­The outbreaks of 1848.

And now the kings and princes, with their ministers of state and diplomats, met at Vienna to decide what should be the map of Europe.  In past years, there had been a great deal of suspicion and jealousy among these monarchs.  Hardly five years had gone by without finding two of them flying at each other’s throats in some unjust war or other.  Only their great fear of uprisings similar to the French Revolution had driven them to act together in crushing the French Republic, and the empire voted by the people, which had followed it.  This famous “Congress of Vienna,” which took place 1815, is a fair example of the way in which European lands have been cut up and parceled out to various monarchs without any regard for the wishes of the people.

[Illustration:  The Congress of Vienna]

Russia and Prussia, proud of the part that their mighty armies had had in crushing Napoleon, were arrogantly intending to divide the map of Europe as suited them, and it was only by a great deal of diplomacy that they were beaten. (The game of diplomacy is frequently a polite name for some very cunning deception, involving lying and cheating, in which kings and their ministers take part.) The Austrians were afraid of the Russian-Prussian combination, and they induced England to side with them.  England did not love Austria, but feared the other two powers.  The English minister, Lord Castlereagh, finally persuaded the Austrians, Prussians, and Russians, to allow the French diplomat, Talleyrand, to take part in their final meetings.  Now Talleyrand was probably the most slippery and tricky diplomat of all Europe.  He had grown to power during the troublous days of the latter part of the French Revolution, and had guessed which party would remain in power so skillfully that he always appeared as the strong friend of the winning side.  Although he had served Napoleon during the first years of the empire, he was shrewd enough to remain true to King Louis XVIII during the latter’s second exile.  The Prussian-Russian combination was finally obliged to give in, somewhat, to the demands of Austria, England, and France.  Compare this map with the one given in the preceding chapter, and you will see most of the important changes.