the people of one county of the Serbian kingdom.  As the Turks attacked them, they retreated higher and higher up the mountain sides and rolled huge stones down upon the invaders.  Finally, the Turk became disgusted, and concluded that “the game was not worth the candle.”  Thus the little nation of Montenegro was formed, composed of Serbians who never submitted to the Ottoman rule. (The inhabitants of this small country call it Tzernagorah (tzer nae go’ra); the Italians call it Montenegro.  Both of these names mean “Dark Mountain.”)

Not satisfied with these conquests, the Turks pushed on, gaining control of the greater part of the kingdom of Hungary.  About 1682, they were pounding at the forts around Vienna.  The heroic king of Poland, John Sobieski (so bi es’ki), came to the rescue of the Austrian emperor with an army of Poles and Germans and completely defeated the Turks.  He saved Vienna, and ended any further advance of the Turkish rule into Europe. (The map on page 82 shows the high water mark of the Turkish conquests.)

It must be remembered that the original inhabitants of the conquered lands were still living where they always had lived.  The Turks were very few in number compared with the millions of people who inhabited their empire and paid them tribute.  Many wars were caused by this conquest, but it was two hundred and thirty years before the Christian peoples won back their territory.

[Map:  Southeastern Europe 1690 A.D.]

By the year 1685, the Hungarians had begun to win back part of their kingdom.  By 1698, almost all of Hungary and Transylvania was free from Turkish rule.  It will be recalled that a certain Count of Hapsburg had become Emperor of Germany, and when we say Germany, we include Austria, which had become the home of the Hapsburgs.  It was shortly after this that the Hapsburg family came to be lords of Hungary also, through the marriage of one of their emperors with the only daughter of the king of that country. (See page 69.)

In this way, when the province of Bukowina and the territory known as the Banat, just north of the Danube and west of what is now Roumania, were reconquered from the Turks, it was the joint kingdom to which they were attached. (Bukowina has never been a part of Hungary.  It is still a crown land, or county subject to the emperor of Austria personally.)

During the 15th century, the southeastern part of Europe came to be inhabited by a still different people.  Not long after Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of Spain, had conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada (see Chapter II) that used to stretch across the southern half of Spain, the Spaniards decided to drive out of their country all “unbelievers,” that is, all who were not Christians of the Catholic faith. (This happened in 1492, the same year that they sent Columbus to America.) The Moors retreated into Africa, which was their former home, but the millions of Spanish Jews had no homeland to which to return.  In the midst of their distress, the Sultan of Turkey, knowing them to be prosperous and well-behaved citizens, invited them to enter his land.  They did so by hundreds of thousands.