of steam escape from this opening, ascending to the height of 300 feet.  From far down in the earth came a jarring sound, in regular beats of five seconds, with a concussion that shook the ground at 200 yards’ distance.  After each concussion came a splash of mud, as if thrown to a great height; sometimes it could be seen from the edge of the crater, but none was entirely ejected while we were there.  Occasionally an explosion was heard like the bursting of heavy guns behind an embankment, and causing the earth to tremble for a mile around.  The distance to which this mud had been thrown is truly astonishing.  The ground and falling trees near by were splashed at a horizontal distance of 200 feet.  The trees below were either broken down or their branches festooned with dry mud, which appeared in the tops of the trees growing on the side hill from the same level with the crater, 50 feet in height, and at a distance of 180 feet from the volcano.  The mud, to produce such effects, must have been thrown to a perpendicular elevation of at least 300 feet.  It was with difficulty we could believe the evidence of our senses, and only after the most careful measurements could we realize the immensity of this wonderful phenomenon.”

The visitor to the Park who has read the description given by Washburn, Hedges, Doane or myself, of the mud volcano as it appeared in 1870, will readily perceive that it has undergone a great change since the time of its first discovery.

In my account of my trip made in 1872, published in Scribner’s (now Century) Magazine for June, 1873, I say, concerning this change:  “A large excavation remained; and a seething, bubbling mass of mud, with several tree-tops swaying to and fro in the midst, told how terrible and how effectual must have been the explosions which produced such devastation.  I could not realize that in this unsightly hole I beheld all that was left of those physical wonders which filled this extraordinary region. * * * Great trees that then decorated the hillside were now completely submerged in the boiling mass that remained.”

The trees with their green tops, which were visible in 1872, have now entirely disappeared.  Can any one conjecture what has become of them?]

[Footnote K:  Lieutenant Doane, on page 19 of his report to the War Department, says with reference to this surgical operation: 

“I had on the previous evening been nine days and nights without sleep or rest, and was becoming very much reduced.  My hand was enormously swelled, and even ice water ceased to relieve the pain.  I could scarcely walk at all, from excessive weakness.  The most powerful opiates had ceased to have any effect.  A consultation was held, which resulted in having the thumb split open.  Mr. Langford performed the operation in a masterly manner, dividing thumb, bone, and all.  An explosion ensued, followed by immediate relief.  I slept through the night, all day, and the next night, and felt much better.  To Mr. Langford, General Washburn, Mr. Stickney and the others of the party I owe a lasting debt for their uniform kindness and attention in the hour of need.”]