Philosophy, properly so called, the list of studies is often very full, comprising lectures on Logic, the Encyclopedia of Science, Metaphysics, Anthropology and Psychology, Ethics, the Philosophy of Nature, of Law, of History, of Religion, the History of Philosophy, general and special, and the Philosophy of Art, or Aesthetics,—­the latter general, or branching into specialities, as Music, Painting, Sculpture, Ancient and Modern Art.  Special points are also treated,—­as the Philosophy of Aristotle, of Kant, of Hegel, etc.  Mathematics and the Natural Sciences are not always cultivated to the same extent as the above-named branches.  They are made the subject of particular attention, however, in the numerous Polytechnic Schools, the most celebrated being those of Hanover and Carlsruhe.  They have risen in reputation and attendance of late to such a degree, that in the Grand Duchy of Baden, for instance, a perceptible diminution is felt in university attendance, while new appropriations have been made for the enlargement of the Carlsruhe school.

The Theological Faculty ranks the highest, and comprises a wide range of study.  We quote from Dr. Schaff:—­

“In modern times the field has been greatly enlarged by the addition of Oriental Philology, Biblical Criticism, Hermeneutics, Antiquities, Church-History and Doctrine-History, Homiletics, Catechetics, Liturgies, Pastoral Theology, and Theory of Church-Government.  No theological faculty is considered complete now which has not separate teachers for the exegetical, historical, systematic, and practical branches of divinity.  The German professors, however, are not confined to their respective departments, as is the case in our American seminaries, but may deliver lectures on any other branch, as far as it does not interfere with their immediate duties.  Schleiermacher, for instance, taught, at different times, almost every branch of theology and philosophy.”

The Law Department, to which the celebrated school of Bologna served as a first model, extends over a far wider field than similar institutions elsewhere.  Starting from the Roman Law, it embraces lectures on the History of Jurisprudence, the Pandects, Civil, Criminal, and Common Law, and Natural Rights, besides History and Philosophy, as applied to legal studies,—­branching into specialities for German Law and Practice, local and general.  To Americans, of course, only the first part of these studies would be at all desirable.  Moreover, the advantages are not all of a practical nature.

The Medical Faculty embraces all the studies pursued in our medical colleges, more specialities being treated,—­the time required being scarcely ever less than five years for the course, often more.  Examinations are severe.  The faculties of Berlin, Munich, and Wuerzburg are in especial repute,—­Vienna also affording many advantages.  In some of the smaller university towns the means of study are limited for the advanced student, extensive collections and large hospitals being wanting.  Medical studies are attended with more expense than any other.