[Footnote 56:  A native of New York City; distinguished as a student and editor of Shakespeare, and more recently for his critical articles on the English language and grammar.]

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=_Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 1823-._= (Manual, p. 531).

From “Atlantic Essays.”

=_241._= ELEGANCE OF FRENCH STYLE.

In France alone among living nations is literature habitually pursued as an art; and in consequence of this, despite the seeds of decay which imperialism sowed, French prose-writing has no rival in contemporary literature.  We cannot fully recognize this fact through translations, because only the most sensational French books appear to be translated.  But as French painters and actors now habitually surpass all others even in what are claimed as the English qualities,—­simplicity and truth,—­so do French prose-writers excel.  To be set against the brutality of Carlyle and the shrill screams of Ruskin, there is to be seen across the Channel the extraordinary fact of an actual organization of good writers, the French Academy, whose influence all nations feel.  Under their authority we see introduced into literary work an habitual grace and perfection, a clearness and directness, a light and pliable strength, and a fine shading of expression, such as no other tongue can even define.  We see the same high standard in their criticism, in their works of research, in the Revue des Deux Mondes, and in short throughout literature.  What is there in any other language, for instance, to be compared with the voluminous writings of Sainte-Beuve, ranging over all history and literature, and carrying into all, that incomparable style, so delicate, so brilliant, so equable, so strong,—­touching all themes, not with the blacksmith’s hand of iron, but with the surgeon’s hand of steel.

In the average type of French novels, one feels the superiority to the English in quiet power, in the absence of the sensational and exaggerated, and in keeping close to the level of real human life.  They rely for success upon perfection of style, and the most subtle analysis of human character; and therefore they are often painful,—­just as Thackeray is painful,—­because they look at artificial society, and paint what they see.  Thus they dwell often on unhappy marriages, because such things grow naturally from the false social system in France.  On the other hand, in France there is very little house-breaking, and bigamy is almost impossible, so that we hear delightfully little about them:  whereas, if you subtract these from the current English novels, what is there left?

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=_Charles Godfrey Leland,[57] 1824._=

From “Meister Karl’s Sketch-book.”

=_242._= ASPECT OF NUREMBERG.