were no human habitations, no hovels, no casemates.  The inhabitants had burrowed at last in the earth, like the dumb creatures of the swamps and forests.  In every direction the dykes had burst, and the sullen wash of the liberated waves, bearing hither and thither the floating wreck of fascines and machinery, of planks and building materials, sounded far and wide over what should have been dry land.  The great ship channel, with the unconquered Half-moon upon one side and the incomplete batteries and platforms of Bucquoy on the other, still defiantly opened its passage to the sea, and the retiring fleets of the garrison were white in the offing.  All around was the grey expanse of stormy ocean, without a cape or a headland to break its monotony, as the surges rolled mournfully in upon a desolation more dreary than their own.  The atmosphere was murky and surcharged with rain, for the wild, equinoctial storm which had held Maurice spell-bound, had been raging over land and sea for many days.  At every step the unburied skulls of brave soldiers who had died in the cause of freedom, grinned their welcome to the conquerors.  Isabella wept at the sight.  She had cause to weep.  Upon that miserable sandbank more than a hundred thousand men had laid down their lives by her decree, in order that she and her husband might at last take possession of a most barren prize.  This insignificant fragment of a sovereignty which her wicked old father had presented to her on his deathbed—­a sovereignty which he had no more moral right or actual power to confer than if it had been in the planet Saturn—­had at last been appropriated at the cost of all this misery.  It was of no great value, although its acquisition had caused the expenditure of at least eight millions of florins, divided in nearly equal proportions between the two belligerents.  It was in vain that great immunities were offered to those who would remain, or who would consent to settle in the foul Golgotha.  The original population left the place in mass.  No human creatures were left save the wife of a freebooter and her paramour, a journeyman blacksmith.  This unsavory couple, to whom entrance into the purer atmosphere of Zeeland was denied, thenceforth shared with the carrion crows the amenities of Ostend.

* * * * *

From the Preface to the “Rise of the Dutch Republic.”

=_141._= THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC.

The rise of the Dutch Republic must ever be regarded as one of the leading events of modern times.  Without the birth of this great commonwealth, the various historical phenomena of the sixteenth and following centuries must have either not existed, or have presented themselves under essential modifications....  From the handbreadth of territory called the province of Holland, rises a power which wages eighty years’ warfare with the most potent empire upon earth, and which, during the progress of the struggle, becoming itself a mighty state, and binding about its own slender form a zone of the richest possessions of earth, from pole to tropic, finally dictates its decrees to the empire of Charles.