schools of that city.[2] J.C.  Corbin, a prominent educator before and after the Civil War, acquired sufficient knowledge at Chillicothe, Ohio, to qualify in 1848 as an assistant in Rev. Henry Adams’s school in Louisville.[3] John M. Langston was for a while one of Corbin’s fellow-students at Chillicothe before the former entered Oberlin.  United States Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi spent some time in a Quaker seminary in Union County, Indiana.[4] Rev. J.T.  White, one of the leading spirits of Arkansas during the Reconstruction, was born and educated in Clark County in that State.[5] Fannie Richards, still a teacher at Detroit, Michigan, is another example of the professional Negro equipped for service in the Northwest before the Rebellion.[6] From other communities of that section came such useful men as Rev. J.W.  Malone, an influential minister of Iowa; Rev. D.R.  Roberts, a very successful pastor of Chicago; Bishop C.T.  Shaffer of the African Methodist Episcopal Church; Rev. John G. Mitchell, for many years the Dean of the Theological Department of Wilberforce University; and President S.T.  Mitchell, once the head of the same institution.[7]

[Footnote 1:  This statement is based on the accounts of various western freedmen.]

[Footnote 2:  Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 113.]

[Footnote 3:  Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 829.]

[Footnote 4:  Ibid., p. 948.]

[Footnote 5:  Ibid., p. 590.]

[Footnote 6:  Ibid., p. 1023.]

[Footnote 7:  Wright, “Negro Rural Communities in Indiana,” Southern Workman, vol. xxxvii., p. 169.]

In the colored settlements of Canada the outlook for Negro education was still brighter.  This better opportunity was due to the high character of the colonists, to the mutual aid resulting from the proximity of the communities, and to the cooeperation of the Canadians.  The previous experience of most of these adventurers as sojourners in the free States developed in them such noble traits that they did not have to be induced to ameliorate their condition.  They had already come under educative influences which prepared them for a larger task in Canada.  Fifteen thousand of sixty thousand Negroes in Canada in 1860 were free born.[1] Many of those, who had always been free, fled to Canada[2] when the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made it possible for even a dark-complexioned Caucasian to be reduced to a state of bondage.  Fortunately, too, these people settled in the same section.  The colored settlements at Dawn, Colchester, Elgin, Dresden, Windsor, Sandwich, Queens, Bush, Wilberforce, Hamilton, St. Catherines, Chatham, Riley, Anderton, Maiden, Gonfield, were all in Southern Ontario.  In the course of time the growth of these groups produced a population sufficiently dense to facilitate cooeperation in matters pertaining to social betterment.  The uplift of the refugees was made less difficult also by the self-denying white persons who were their first