[Footnote 1:  Evans, A History of Scioto County, Ohio, p. 613.]

[Footnote 2:  Siebert, The Underground Railroad, p. 249.]

[Footnote 3:  Ibid., p. 249.]

[Footnote 4:  Ibid., p. 250.]

We have, however, sufficient evidence of large undertakings to educate the colored people then finding homes in less turbulent parts beyond the Ohio.  In the first place, almost every settlement made by the Quakers was a center to which Negroes repaired for enlightenment.  In other groups where there was no such opportunity, they had the cooeperation of certain philanthropists in providing facilities for their mental and moral development.  As a result, the free blacks had access to schools and churches in Hamilton, Howard, Randolph, Vigo, Gibson, Rush, Tipton, Grant, and Wayne counties, Indiana,[1] and Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair counties, Illinois.  There were colored schools and churches in Logan, Clark, Columbiana, Guernsey, Jefferson, Highland, Brown, Darke, Shelby, Green, Miami, Warren, Scioto, Gallia, Ross, and Muskingum counties, Ohio.[2] Augustus Wattles said that with the assistance of abolitionists he organized twenty-five such schools in Ohio counties after 1833.[3] Brown County alone had six.  Not many years later a Negro settlement in Gallia County, Ohio, was paying a teacher fifty dollars a quarter.[4]

[Footnote 1:  Wright, “Negro Rural Communities in Indiana,” Southern Workman, vol. xxxvii., p. 165; Boone, The History of Education in Indiana, p. 237; and Simmons, Men of Mark, pp. 590 and 948.]

[Footnote 2:  Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 948; and Hickok, The Negro in Ohio, p. 85.]

[Footnote 3:  Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, p. 355.]

[Footnote 4:  Hickok, The Negro in Ohio, p. 89.]

Still better colored schools were established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and in Springfield, Columbus, and Cincinnati, Ohio.  While the enlightenment of the few Negroes in Pittsburgh did not require the systematic efforts put forth to elevate the race elsewhere, much was done to provide them educational facilities in that city.  Children of color first attended the white schools there just as they did throughout the State of Pennsylvania.[1] But when larger numbers of them collected in this gateway to the Northwest, either race feeling or the pressing needs of the migrating freedmen brought about the establishment of schools especially adapted to their instruction.  Such efforts were frequent after 1830.[2] John Thomas Johnson, a teacher of the District of Columbia, moved to Pittsburgh in 1838 and became an instructor in a colored school of that city.[3] Cleveland had an “African School” as early as 1832.  John Malvin, the moving spirit of the enterprise in that city, organized about that time “The School Fund Society” which established other colored schools in Cincinnati, Columbus, and Springfield.[4]